Matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device and manufacturing method thereof

ABSTRACT

A matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device in which a plurality of piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements almost in a pillar shape, each having a piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance and at least a pair of electrodes, are vertically provided on a thick ceramic substrate, and which is driven by displacement of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance. In this matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device, a plurality of piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements are integrally bonded to the ceramic substrate and independently arranged in two dimensions. The pair of electrodes is formed on the sides of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance. The percentage of transgranularly fractured crystal grains on at least the sides of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance on which the electrodes are formed is 10% or less. The piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance forms a curved surface near a joined section between the piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance and the ceramic substrate. According to this piezoelectric/electrostrictive device, large displacement is obtained at a low voltage, with achievement of a high speed response, a large force generation, excellent mounting capability, a higher degree of integration. The action such as pushing, distorting, moving, striking (impacting), or mixing can be applied to an object of action, or the device operates when such action is applied.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION AND RELATED ART

[0001] The present invention relates to a matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device. More particularly, the presentinvention relates to a matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive devicewhich is used for an optical modulator, optical switch, electricalswitch, microrelay, microvalve, transportation device, image displaydevice such as a display and a projector, image drawing device,micropump, droplet discharge device, micromixer, microstirrer,microreactor, various types of sensors, and the like, generates largeforce and large displacement, allows a piezoelectric/electro-strictivesubstance to generate expansion/contraction displacement orexpansion/contraction vibration in a direction perpendicular to a mainsurface of a ceramic substrate by a transverse effect of an electricfield induced strain of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance,and applies action such as pushing, distorting, moving, striking(impacting), or mixing to an object of action or operates when suchaction is applied, and to a method of manufacturing the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device.

[0002] In recent years, displacement control elements capable ofadjusting the length or position of an optical path on the order ofsub-microns have been demanded in the field of optics, precisionmachining, manufacture of semiconductors, and the like. To deal withthis demand, development of piezoelectric/electrostrictive devices suchas actuators or sensors which utilize strain based on a reversepiezoelectric effect or an electrostrictive effect occuring when anelectric field is applied to ferroelectrics or antiferroelectrics hasprogressed. The displacement control elements utilizing an electricfield induced strain are capable of easily controlling minutedisplacement, decreasing power consumption due to highmechanical/electrical energy conversion efficiency, and contributing toa decrease in the size and weight of a product due to ultraprecisemounting capability in comparison with a conventional electromagneticmethod or the like using a servomotor or a pulsemotor. Therefore,application fields of displacement control elements are expected to beexpanded steadily in the future.

[0003] Taking an optical switch as an example, use of apiezoelectric/electrostrictive device as an actuator for switching atransmission path of introduced light has been proposed. FIGS. 2(a) and2(b) show an example of an optical switch. An optical switch 200 shownin FIGS. 2(a) and 2(b) includes alight transmitting section 201, anoptical path change section 208, and an actuator section 211. The lighttransmitting section 201 includes a light reflecting surface 101provided on part of a surface which faces the optical path changesection 208, and light transmitting paths 202, 204, and 205 provided inthree directions from the light reflecting surface 110. The optical pathchange section 208 includes a light introducing member 209 which ismoveably provided close to the light reflecting surface 101 in the lighttransmitting section 201 and formed of a light transmitting material,and a light reflecting member 210 which totally reflects light. Theactuator section 211 includes a mechanism which is displaced by anexternal signal and transmits the displacement to the optical pathchange section 208.

[0004] As shown in FIG. 2(a), the actuator section 211 operates(displaces) by applying an external signal such as a voltage. Theoptical path change section 208 is separated from the light transmittingsection 201 by the displacement of the actuator section 211. Light 221introduced into the light transmitting path 202 in the lighttransmitting section 201 is totally reflected by the light reflectingsurface 101 in the light transmitting section 201, of which therefractive index is adjusted at a specific value. The reflected light221 is transmitted to the light transmitting path 204 on the outputside.

[0005] As shown in FIG. 2(b), the actuator section 211 returns to theoriginal position when the actuator section 211 enters a non-operatingstate, whereby the light introducing member 209 in the optical pathchange section 208 comes in contact with the light transmitting section201 at a distance equal to or less than the wavelength of the light. Asa result, the light 221 introduced into the light transmitting path 202is introduced into the light introducing member 209 from the lighttransmitting section 201 and transmitted through the light introducingmember 209. The light 221 transmitted through the light introducingmember 209 reaches the light reflecting member 210. The light 221 isreflected by the light reflecting surface 102 of the light reflectingmember 210 and transmitted to the light transmitting path 205, differingfrom the light reflected by the light reflecting surface 101 in thelight transmitting section 201.

[0006] As described above, the piezoelectric/electro-strictive device issuitably used as the actuator section of the optical switch having afunction of changing the optical path. In particular, in the case offorming a matrix switch which switches between a plurality of channels,a piezo-electric/electrostrictive device in which a plurality ofuni-morph or bi-morph piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements(hereinafter may be referred to as “bending displacement elements”) arearranged, as disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 2693291 issued to theapplicant of the present invention, is suitably employed. The bendingdisplacement element consists of a diaphragm and apiezoelectric/electrostrictive element, and generates bendingdisplacement by converting only a small amount of expansion/contractionstrain of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive element produced whenapplying an electric field into a bending mode. Therefore, a largedisplacement is easily obtained in proportion to the length of thepiezo-electric/electrostrictive element.

[0007] However, since the bending displacement element converts strain,stress which causes the strain of the piezoelectric/electrostrictiveelement cannot be directly utilized. Therefore, it is very difficult toincrease displacement and force generation at the same time. Moreover,since the resonance frequency is inevitably decreased as the length ofthe element is increased, it is also difficult to satisfy a desiredresponse speed.

[0008] In order to further improve the performance of the above type ofoptical switch, there have been at least the following two demands.Specifically, an increase in ON/OFF ratio (contrast) is demanded. In thecase of the optical switch 200, it is important to securely performcontact/separation operations between the light transmitting section 201and the optical path change section 208. Therefore, the actuator sectionpreferably has a large stroke, specifically, generates largedisplacement.

[0009] The other demand is to minimize a loss caused by switching. Inthis case, it is important to increase a substantial contact areabetween the optical path change section 208 and the light transmittingsection 201 while increasing the area of the optical path change section208. However, since an increase in the contact area causes reliabilityrelating to separation to be decreased, a piezoelectric/electrostrictivedevice capable of generating a large force is necessary as the actuatorsection. Specifically, a piezoelectric/electrostrictive device capableof generating displacement and force at the same time is demanded as theactuator section in order to improve the performance of the opticalswitch.

[0010] It is preferable that each of the piezoelectric/electrostrictiveelements be formed independently. This means that each of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive elements does not interfere with theothers, specifically, does not restrict displacement and force generatedby other piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements.

[0011] For example, a piezoelectric/electrostrictive device 145 shown inFIG. 3 shows bending displacement by the operation ofpiezoelectric/electrostrictive elements 178, as shown in the crosssection in FIG. 4. Each of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements178 is formed to be mechanically independent from the adjacentpiezoelectric/electrostrictive elements by utilizing the rigidity of apartition 143.

[0012] However, a substrate 144 has an integral structure, and avibration plate, on which the piezoelectric/electro-strictive element178 acts, is continuously formed. Therefore, it cannot be denied thattension or compressive stress of the vibration plate which occurs by theoperation of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive element 178 affects theadjacent piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements, although the adjacentpiezoelectric/electrostrictive elements are separated by the partition143. This particularly applies to a case where thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive elements are formed at a high density.

[0013] In a piezoelectric/electrostrictive device 155 shown in FIG.5(cross-section), since sidewalls 219 which support a vibration plate218 are separated from the adjacent side walls 219, the adjacentpiezoelectric/electrostrictive elements are not affected.

[0014] As another embodiment of the piezoelectric/electrostrictivedevice in which each of the piezo-electric/electrostrictive elements isformed independently, Japanese Patent No. 3058143 proposes an actuatorin FIG. 1. This actuator is a piezoelectric actuator suitable for aink-jet type recording device, in which pillar-shaped piezoelectricelements which function as drive mechanisms are arranged in rows andcolumns. Japanese Patent No. 3058143 states that a plurality ofpiezoelectric elements can be highly integrated on a substrate in rowsand columns by employing piezoelectric transverse effect typepiezoelectric elements having a simple electrode configuration, and thenumber of ink-jet nozzles per unit area in the ink-jet type recordingdevice can be increased.

[0015] The piezoelectric actuator disclosed in this patent is formed bystacking and sintering green sheets to which common electrodes or signalapplying electrodes are applied, and by forming grooves using a dicingsaw so that the pillar-shaped piezoelectric elements are separated.Therefore, this piezoelectric actuator has at least the following twoproblems.

[0016] Since this piezoelectric actuator has a structure in which driverelectrodes are stored in the piezoelectric element in advance, anelectrode-piezoelectric material stacked structure of each of thepiezoelectric elements becomes non-uniform due to the influence ofstrain during sintering. This causes characteristics of the elements tobecome uneven. Since the size (width or thickness) must be increasedtaking strain during sintering into consideration, it is difficult todecrease the pitch of the elements. According to the configurationexample disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 3058143, since the width of thepiezoelectric element is 0.3 mm and the width of the groove is 0.209 to0.718 mm, one piezoelectric element is disposed per mm². Such a degreeof integration is insufficient to deal with the resolution required forink-jet printers in recent years.

[0017] Moreover, the above degree of integration is insufficient foroptical switches represented by the embodiment shown in FIGS. 2(a) and2(b). The number of channels of optical switching devices is expected tobe increased as construction of an optical network system withoutphotoelectric conversion progresses. Therefore, a decrease in the sizeof optical switching devices and an increase in the degree ofintegration of optical switches used for the optical switching deviceswill be demanded in order to reduce transmission loss of signals.However, the degree of integration of the above piezoelectric actuatorcannot deal with such a demand.

[0018] Each of the piezoelectric elements of the piezoelectric actuatordisclosed in Japanese Patent No. 3058143 is formed by dicing sawprocessing. However, the depth of the grooves, specifically, the heightof the piezoelectric elements is limited due to limitations relating tothe processing. Since displacement of the transverse effect typeelements depends on the height of the piezoelectric element, sufficientdisplacement cannot be obtained if the height of the element is limited.Specifically, the aspect ratio (height/thickness) of the piezoelectricelement (piezoelectric), which is an index of the degree of integrationand characteristics, cannot be increased. Therefore, the abovepiezoelectric actuator is not suitable as the actuator section for notonly ink-jet printers, but also optical switches and the like.

[0019] As described above, a piezoelectric/electro-strictive device suchas an actuator which is capable of generating displacement and force andin which piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements can be disposedindependently at an extremely high density is demanded. The presentinvention has been achieved to deal with this demand. Specifically, anobject of the present invention achieved in view of the above situationis to provide a piezoelectric/electrostrictive device which generateslarge displacement at a low voltage, has a high response speed,generates a large force, excels in mounting capability, enables a higherdegree of integration, and applies action such as pushing, distorting,moving, striking (impacting), or mixing to an object of action, oroperates when such action is applied, and a method of manufacturing thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device.

[0020] The present invention aims at improving the performance of anoptical modulator, optical switch, electrical switch, microrelay,microvalve, transportation device, image display device such as adisplay and a projector, image drawing device, micropump, dropletdischarge device, micromixer, microstirrer, microreactor, various typesof sensors, or the like by applying the piezoelectric/electrostrictivedevice thereto. As a result of extensive studies, the present inventorshave found that the above object can be achieved by the following matrixtype piezoelectric/electrostrictive device and a manufacturing methodthereof.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0021] The present invention provides a matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device in which a plurality ofpiezoelectric/electrostrictive elements almost in the shape of a pillar,each having a piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance and at least apair of electrodes, are vertically provided on a thick ceramicsubstrate, and which is driven by displacement of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance. This matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device is characterized in that aplurality of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements are jointedintegrally to the ceramic substrate and are independently arranged intwo dimensions, the pair of electrodes is formed on the sides of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance, the crystal grains on at leastthe sides of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance on which theelectrodes are formed is in such a state that the percentage oftransgranularly fractured crystal grains is 10% or less, and a curvedsurface is formed at the vicinity of a joining section between thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance and the ceramic substrate.

[0022] In the matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive deviceaccording to the present invention, the degree of surface profile of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive element is preferably about 8 μm or less.The ratio of the height of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive elementalmost in the shape of a pillar to the shortest distance through thecenter axis in the horizontal cross section of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive element (hereinafter may be called “thethickness of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive element”) is preferablyabout 20:1 to 200:1. The shortest distance through the center axis inthe horizontal cross section of the piezoelectric/electrostrictiveelement is preferably 300 μm or less.

[0023] In the matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive deviceaccording to the present invention, the ratio of the height of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive element almost in the shape of a pillarto an interval between the adjacent piezoelectric/electrostrictiveelements is preferably about 20:1 to 200:1. The sides of thepiezoelectric/electro-strictive substance preferably have an almostuniform surface state, and surface roughness represented by Rt of thesides of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance is preferably 9 μmor less, and surface roughness represented by Ra of the sides of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance is preferably 0.1 to 0.5 μm.The radius of curvature of the curved surface formed near the joinedsection between the piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance and theceramic substrate is preferably 20 to 100 μm.

[0024] In the matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive deviceaccording to the present invention, the horizontal cross section of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive element almost in the shape of a pillaris preferably in the shape of a parallelogram, and the electrodes arepreferably formed on the sides including the long sides of the crosssection of the piezoelectric/electro-strictive substance. The matrixtype piezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to the presentinvention is a piezoelectric/electrostrictive device capable ofutilizing either a longitudinal effect or a transverse effect of anelectric field induced strain of the piezoelectric/electrostrictivesubstance. The piezoelectric/electro-strictive element is preferablyexpanded/contracted in a direction vertical to a main surface of theceramic substrate based on displacement caused by the transverse effect.

[0025] As materials for the matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictivedevice according to the present invention, the ceramic substrate and thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance which makes up thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive element are preferably formed of the samematerial. As the material for the piezoelectric/electrostrictivesubstance, any of piezoelectric ceramics, electrostrictive ceramics, andantiferroelectric ceramics, or a composite material of these ceramicsand a polymer piezoelectric material may be suitably used.

[0026] In the above matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device,wall sections may be formed between the adjacentpiezoelectric/electrostrictive elements. Electrode terminals arepreferably formed on the side of the ceramic substrate opposite to theside on which the piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements are disposed.The electrodes and the electrode terminals are preferably connected viathrough holes or via holes formed in the ceramic substrate.

[0027] The present invention also provides the following first andsecond methods of manufacturing a matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device.

[0028] A first method of manufacturing a matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to the present inventionis a method of manufacturing a matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device in which a plurality ofpiezoelectric/electrostrictive elements almost in the shape of a pillarare two-dimensionally arranged on a thick ceramic substrate, whereineach of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements includes apiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance and at least a pair ofelectrodes, the percentage of transgranularly fractured crystal grainson at least the sides of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance onwhich the electrodes are formed is 1% or less, and thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance forms a curved surface near ajoined section between the piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance andthe ceramic substrate. This manufacturing method comprises a first stepof providing a plurality of ceramic green sheets containing apiezoelectric/electrostrictive material as a major component, a secondstep of forming opening sections having an almost right-angledquadrilateral shape, in which at least two corners are curved, atspecific positions of a plurality of the ceramic green sheets, a thirdstep of stacking a plurality of the ceramic green sheets in which theopening sections are formed to obtain a ceramic green laminate havingholes, a fourth step of integrally sintering the ceramic green laminateto obtain a ceramic laminate having holes, a fifth step of formingelectrodes at least on side walls which make up the holes in the ceramiclaminate, a sixth step of cutting the ceramic laminate on the holes in adirection perpendicular to the arrangement of the holes andperpendicular to the openings of the holes to obtain a comb tooth-shapedceramic laminate, and a seventh step of cutting the comb tooth of thecomb tooth-shaped ceramic laminate in a direction perpendicular to thecutting surface obtained in the sixth step and perpendicularly to thearrangement of the comb tooth.

[0029] In the first method of manufacturing a matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to the presentinvention, the ceramic green laminate preferably consists of at leasttwo types of ceramic green sheets. One of the two types of ceramic greensheets is preferably a specific number of ceramic green sheets in whicha plurality of opening sections almost in the shape of a right-angledquadrilateral in which two corners are curved are formed. The other ofthe two types of ceramic green sheets is preferably a specific number ofceramic green sheets in which a plurality of opening sections almost inthe shape of a right-angled quadrilateral and a plurality of otheropening sections connected with the opening sections in the shape of aright-angled quadrilateral are formed. The other opening sections arepreferably connected with the opening sections almost in the shape ofaright-angled quadrilateral and connected with the ends of the ceramicgreen sheets.

[0030] The first method of manufacturing a matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to the present inventionpreferably comprises a step of cutting the ceramic laminate, therebyopening each of the other opening sections. The cutting in the seventhstep is preferably performed by wire sawing. The first method preferablycomprises a step of filling space between the comb tooth with fillersafter the fifth step, but before the seventh step.

[0031] A second method of manufacturing a matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to the present inventionis a method of manufacturing a piezoelectric/electrostrictive device inwhich a plurality of piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements almost inthe shape of a pillar are formed on a thick ceramic substrate, whereineach of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements includes apiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance and at least a pair ofelectrodes, the percentage of transgranularly fractured crystal grainson at least the sides of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance onwhich the electrodes are formed is 10% or less, and thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance forms a curved surface near ajoined section between the piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance andthe ceramic substrate. This manufacturing method comprises a step A ofproviding a ceramic green formed product containing apiezoelectric/electrostrictive material as a major component, a step Bof sintering a ceramic precursor including at least the ceramic greenformed product to obtain an integral ceramic sintered product, a step Cof forming a plurality of first slits in the ceramic sintered product bya machining method utilizing loose abrasives as processing media, a stepD of forming the electrodes on the sides of the first slits, and a stepE of forming a plurality of second slits which intersect the firstslits.

[0032] In the second method of manufacturing a matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to the presentinvention, the ceramic green formed product is preferably formed bystacking a plurality of ceramic green sheets. The ceramic precursor ispreferably formed of at least a ceramic green substrate having throughholes or via holes and the ceramic green formed product. The secondmethod preferably comprises a step of filling the first slits withfillers after the step C, but before the step E.

[0033] In the second method of manufacturing a matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to the presentinvention, it is preferable to use a wire sawing method as the machiningmethod. In the case of using the wire saw processing method, it ispreferable to form the first slits and/or the second slits by performingfirst cutting which includes processing the ceramic sintered product inthe direction of the thickness of the ceramic sintered product to obtainfirst cut grooves, second cutting which includes processing the ceramicsintered product in the direction of the thickness at a specificdistance from the first cutting position to obtain second cut grooves,and third cutting which includes cutting the ceramic sintered productfrom the inside of the second cut grooves toward the inside of the firstcut grooves, thereby removing regions between the first cut grooves andthe second cut grooves. In this case, it is preferable to fill the firstcut grooves with fillers after the first cutting, but before the secondcutting.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

[0034] FIGS. 1(a) to 1(c) are views showing one embodiment of a matrixtype piezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to the presentinvention, wherein FIG. 1(a) is an oblique view, FIG. 1(b) is a sideview in a direction Q shown in FIG. 1(a), and FIG. 1(c) is a side viewin a direction R shown in FIG. 1(a).

[0035] FIGS. 2(a) and 2(b) are vertical cross-sectional views showing anapplication example of a conventional piezoelectric/electrostrictivedevice, wherein FIG. 2(a) shows an actuator section in an operatingstate in an optical switch which is the application example, and FIG.2(b) shows the actuator section in a non-operating state in the opticalswitch which is the application example.

[0036]FIG. 3 is an oblique view showing one embodiment of apiezoelectric/electrostrictive device.

[0037]FIG. 4 is a vertical cross-sectional view showing one embodimentof the piezoelectric/electrostrictive device.

[0038]FIG. 5 is a vertical cross-sectional view showing anotherembodiment of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive device.

[0039] FIGS. 6(a) and 6(b) are views showing an application example ofthe matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to thepresent invention, wherein FIG. 6(a) is an oblique view showing anactuator section in a microvalve which is the application example, andFIG. 6(b) is a vertical cross-sectional view showing the actuatorsection in an operating state in the microvalve which is the applicationexample.

[0040] FIGS. 7(a) and 7(b) are views showing an application example ofthe matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to thepresent invention, wherein FIG. 7(a) is a plan view showing an opticalmodulator which is the application example, and FIG. 7(b) is a viewshowing a cross section along the line A-A shown in FIG. 7(a).

[0041] FIGS. 8(a) to 8(f) are explanatory diagrams showing an example ofa first method of manufacturing the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to the presentinvention.

[0042]FIG. 9 is an oblique view showing another embodiment of the matrixtype piezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to the presentinvention.

[0043]FIG. 10 is a photograph showing a processed surface by aconventional manufacturing method.

[0044]FIG. 11 is a photograph showing a processed surface by the firstmethod of manufacturing the matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictivedevice according to the present invention.

[0045]FIG. 12 is an oblique view showing another embodiment of thematrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to thepresent invention.

[0046]FIG. 13 is an oblique view showing one embodiment of a lightreflection mechanism which is an application example of the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to the presentinvention.

[0047]FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view showing the embodiment of thelight reflection mechanism which is the application example of thematrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to thepresent invention, which shows part of a cross section along the lineD-D shown in FIG. 13.

[0048]FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional view showing the embodiment of thelight reflection mechanism which is the application example of thematrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to thepresent invention, which shows part of the cross section along the lineD-D shown in FIG. 13.

[0049]FIG. 16 is an oblique view showing another embodiment of anoptical switch which is an application example of the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to the presentinvention.

[0050]FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional view showing the embodiment of theoptical switch which is the application example of the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to the presentinvention, which shows a cross section along the line C-C shown in FIG.16.

[0051]FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional view showing another embodiment ofthe optical switch which is the application example of the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to the presentinvention.

[0052]FIG. 19 is a cross-sectional view showing another embodiment ofthe optical switch which is the application example of the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to the presentinvention.

[0053]FIG. 20 is a cross-sectional view showing another embodiment ofthe optical switch which is the application example of the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to the presentinvention.

[0054]FIG. 21 is an oblique view showing another embodiment of thematrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to thepresent invention.

[0055]FIG. 22 is an oblique view showing another embodiment of thematrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to thepresent invention.

[0056]FIG. 23 is an oblique view showing another embodiment of thematrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to thepresent invention.

[0057]FIG. 24 is an oblique view showing another embodiment of thematrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to thepresent invention.

[0058]FIG. 25 is an oblique view showing another embodiment of thematrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to thepresent invention.

[0059]FIG. 26 is an oblique view showing another embodiment of thematrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to thepresent invention.

[0060] FIGS. 27(a) to 27(e) are explanatory diagrams showing steps ofone embodiment of a method punching and stacking ceramic green sheets atthe same time in the first method of manufacturing of the matrix typepiezoelectric/electro-strictive device according to the presentinvention; wherein FIG. 27(a) shows a first sheet preparation step inwhich a first ceramic green sheet is placed on a die, FIG. 27(b) shows astep of punching the first ceramic green sheet, FIG. 27(c) shows asecond sheet preparation step in which a second ceramic green sheet isplaced, FIG. 27(d) shows a step of punching the second ceramic greensheet, and FIG. 27(e) shows a punching completion step of separating thestacked ceramic green sheets by using a stripper after completingpunching and stacking all the sheets.

[0061]FIG. 28 is a view showing a processed surface by a conventionalmanufacturing method, which is an enlarged schematic side view of theprocessed surface.

[0062]FIG. 29 is a view showing a processed surface by the first methodof manufacturing the matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive deviceaccording to the present invention, which is an enlarged schematic sideview of the processed surface.

[0063]FIG. 30 is an oblique view showing another embodiment of thematrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to thepresent invention.

[0064] FIGS. 31(a) to 31(h) are explanatory diagrams showing steps of anexample of a second method of manufacturing the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to the presentinvention.

[0065] FIGS. 32(a) to 32(d) are explanatory diagrams showing steps ofanother example of the first method of manufacturing the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to the presentinvention.

[0066]FIG. 33 is an oblique view showing another embodiment of thematrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to thepresent invention.

[0067]FIG. 34 is a vertical cross-sectional view showing the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device shown in FIG. 33.

[0068] FIGS. 35(a) to 35(e) are explanatory diagrams showing steps of anexample of a biaxial processing method for forming slits in a wire sawprocessing method which is a means of the second method of manufacturingthe matrix type piezo-electric/electrostrictive device according to thepresent invention.

[0069] FIGS. 36(a) and 36(b) are explanatory diagrams showing steps ofan example of the biaxial processing method for forming slits in thewire saw processing method which is a means of the second method ofmanufacturing the matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive deviceaccording to the present invention.

[0070] FIGS. 37(a) to 37(i) are explanatory diagrams showing steps ofanother example of the second method of manufacturing the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to the presentinvention.

[0071]FIG. 38 is a photograph showing a processed surface by the secondmethod of manufacturing the matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictivedevice according to the present invention.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

[0072] Embodiments of a matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictivedevice of the present invention and a method of manufacturing the sameare described below in detail. However, these embodiments should not beconstrued as limiting the scope of the present invention. Variousmodifications, revisions, and improvements are possible within the scopeof the present invention based on the knowledge of a person skilled inthe art.

[0073] The matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device accordingto the present invention is a unit which attains collective functions byutilizing strain induced by an electric field. The matrix typepiezoelectric/electro-strictive device includes an actuator, a sensor,and the like having a piezoelectric/electrostrictive element as aconstituent element. The matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictivedevice according to the present invention is not limited topiezoelectric/electrostrictive devices which utilize a piezoelectriceffect which produces strain in an amount almost proportional to anapplied electric field, or an electrostrictive effect which producesstrain in an amount almost proportional to the square of an appliedelectric field. The matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive devicealso includes piezoelectric/electrostrictive devices which utilize aphenomenon such as polarization inversion observed in ferroelectricmaterials or phase transition between an antiferroelectric phase and aferroelectric phase observed in antiferroelectric materials. Therefore,“piezoelectric characteristics” used herein also include characteristicsbased on these phenomena. Necessity of polarization processing isappropriately determined based on properties of a material used for apiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive element which makes up thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device. Therefore, in the presentspecification, only a material for which polarization processing isnecessary is subjected to polarization processing.

[0074] The embodiments of the present invention are described below withreference to the drawings. FIG. 1(a) is an oblique view showing oneembodiment of a matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive deviceaccording to the present invention. FIG. 1(b) is a side view in adirection Q shown in FIG. 1(a). FIG. 1(c) is a side view in a directionR shown in FIG. 1(a). As shown in FIGS. 1(a) to 1(c), in a matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device 1, a plurality ofpiezoelectric/electrostrictive elements 31, each having apiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance 4 and a pair of electrodes 18and 19, are formed on a ceramic substrate 2. The matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device 1 is driven by allowing thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance 4 to be displaced on theceramic substrate 2. The matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictivedevice 1 has the following characteristics common to matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive devices according to the presentinvention.

[0075] 1) Two-Dimensional Arrangement of Piezoelectric/ElectrostrictiveElement

[0076] In the above-described conventionalpiezo-electric/electrostrictive device 145 shown in FIG. 3, theuni-morph or bi-morph piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements arearranged on the substrate. In the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device 1, a plurality ofpiezoelectric/electrostrictive elements 31 are arranged independentlyand integrally with the thick and substantially solid ceramic substrate2 in the shape of a two-dimensional matrix. The matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device 1 has a structure in which anadhesive or the like is not interposed in a region relating toarrangement of the elements and a region which becomes a base point fordisplacement of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive element. Therefore,precision of the initial element dimensions, element pitch, and the likeis increased and deterioration of interposed materials does not occur.As a result, high dimensional accuracy andpiezoelectric/electrostrictive element characteristics can be maintainedfor a long period of time.

[0077] In the case of using the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device 1 as apiezoelectric/electrostrictive device for optical switches, microvalves,image display devices, and the like, the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device 1 can be mounted with higheraccuracy. Moreover, since the matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictivedevice 1 has an integrated structure, the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device 1 excels in strength. Thisfacilitates the mounting procedure.

[0078] The two-dimensional arrangement of the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device 1 is not limited to that in whichthe piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements are arranged at rightangles. The intersection angle may be 30° or 45°. The intersection anglemay be determined depending on the object and purpose of use.

[0079] Since the substrate is not allowed to function as a diaphragm,the thick ceramic substrate 2 is used. The thickness of the ceramicsubstrate may be appropriately determined insofar as the ceramicsubstrate 2 is not deformed due to stress applied from thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive element formed thereon. It is preferableto bond other members to the ceramic substrate in order to improvestrength of the ceramic substrate, handling capability of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device, and the like.

[0080] 2) Complete Independence of Piezoelectric/ElectrostrictiveElement

[0081] In the matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device 1, onlythe piezoelectric/electrostrictive element 31 exposed on the ceramicsubstrate 2 is displaced. The ceramic substrate 2 is not deformed due toan electric field induced strain produced by thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance 4. Therefore, each of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive elements 31 is completely independentfrom the adjacent piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements 31 and doesnot hinder displacement of the others, even if thepiezo-electric/electrostrictive elements 31 are integrated with theceramic substrate. Therefore, a greater amount of displacement can bestably obtained at a lower voltage.

[0082] 3) Formation of Electrode on Low Transgranularly FracturedSurface

[0083] In the matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device 1,crystal grains of a piezoelectric/electrostrictive material which format least the electrode formation sides of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance 4 which makes up thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive element 31 are designed so that thepercentage of transgranularly fractured grains is 10% or less, andpreferably 1% or less. The surface phase is almost uniform andhomogeneous. The differential distribution of the surface state isextremely small.

[0084] Since the surface phase is homogeneous, the stress distributionis small. Therefore, the amount of deformation of the element is smalleven if the element has a high aspect ratio as described later, wherebyprecision of the dimensions and pitch of the element is easilymaintained. Moreover, defects such as cracks rarely occur in thepiezoelectric ceramic grains even if the ratio of the surface to thevolume of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive element(piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance) is increased by decreasingthe thickness of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive element in order todecrease the drive voltage. Therefore, original characteristics of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive material can be advantageously broughtout.

[0085] Moreover, a moderate anchoring effect is obtained when formingthe film-shaped electrodes on the sides of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance 4. This also enables the entiresurface of the electrodes to be in a stable bonding state. Since only asmall amount of transgranularly fractured grains are present on thesurface of the electrodes, strain produced by applying a signal voltageis obtained from all the crystal grains and transmission loss of strainis small. Therefore, large displacement, large force generation, andlarge charge generation of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive elementcan be obtained in addition to the effect of adhesion of the electrode.

[0086] In the present invention, the percentage of transgranularlyfractured crystal grains (10% or less, for example) refers to thepercentage of crystal grains which do not have unevenness of theoriginal crystal grains, but are fractured in the shape of a planesurface (flat) due to processing such as grinding or cutting. Thepercentage of the transgranularly fractured crystal grains is determinedby observing the sides of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance(surface to which the electrode is formed) using a scanning electronmicroscope, and calculating the percentage of the area of regions in theabove state occupying the area of the observation field of view in themicroscope image. For example, the percentage of the transgranularlyfractured crystal grains may be determined by dividing the microscopeimage into the regions in the above state and other regions by light andshade.

[0087] 4) Formation of Curved Surface at Joined Section

[0088] As shown in FIG. 1(b) and 1(c), in the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device 1, a curved surface 13 is formednear the joined section between the piezoelectric/electrostrictiveelement 31 (piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance 4) and the ceramicsubstrate 2. Specifically, the piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance4 has a shape in which the cross section of the side parallel to theceramic substrate 2 near an area in which thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance 4 is joined to the ceramicsubstrate 2 is larger than the cross section in an area apart from theceramic substrate 2 (uppermost side, for example) (area near the joinedsection between the piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance and theceramic substrate may be hereinafter called “foot section”). Therefore,the direction of action is easily fixed and thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance 4 is rarely damaged. Moreover,continuity of the electrode film is improved at the joined sectionbetween the substrate and the piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance,whereby reliability of bonding between the side electrodes of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance 4 and external wiring isincreased.

[0089] In particular, since the thickness of the electrode film isincreased at the joined section, a non-uniform state is easily formed.Therefore, disconnection during a heat treatment for increasing adhesionor disconnection due to displacement or the like when driving thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive element is easily caused to occur.Furthermore, tolerance to reaction applied from an object of action tothe matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device 1 is improved. Asa result, the piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance 4 is rarelybuckled or bent, for example.

[0090] The radius of the curved surface 13 near the joined section ispreferably 20-100 μm. If the radius of the curved surface 13 is lessthan 20 μm, an effect of making the area near the joined section in theshape of the letter R may not be obtained. If the radius exceeds 100 μm,the distance between the electrodes of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive element 31 is increased in the footsection and the percentage of the foot section is increased, althoughthis is effective for increasing the strength. As a result, it becomesdifficult to efficiently drive the piezoelectric/electrostrictiveelement 31.

[0091] 5) Formation of Electrode Terminal

[0092] In the matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device 1, thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive element 31 is vertically provided on theceramic substrate 2. The electrodes 18 and 19 are formed on the closeropposite sides of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance 4. Inother words, the electrodes 18 and 19 are formed on the sides includingthe long sides of a cross-sectional shape of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance 4 of thepiezoelectric/electro-strictive element 31 in the direction parallel tothe ceramic substrate 2, specifically, a rectangle which is one type ofparallelogram.

[0093] Electrode terminals 20 and 21 are formed on the side of theceramic substrate 2 opposite to the side on which thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive elements 31 are disposed. The electrode18 and the electrode terminal 20 and the electrode 19 and the electrodeterminal 21 are respectively connected through via holes 22 which areformed in the ceramic substrate 2 and filled with a conductive material.Through holes in which a conductive material is applied to the innersurface may be used instead of the via holes 22. A subsequent procedurefor connecting a power supply for applying an electric field isfacilitated by forming the electrode terminals on the side opposite tothe piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements 31 (drive sections). Thisprevents a decrease in yield due to the manufacturing steps.

[0094] 6) Expansion/Contraction Displacement

[0095] The matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device 1 does notconvert an expanded/contracted electric field induced strain of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance 4 into displacement in abending mode. The matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device 1directly utilizes the expansion/contraction as displacement. Therefore,design values for obtaining large displacement are easily determinedwithout decreasing force generation and response.

[0096] 7) Parallelism Between Polarization and Driving Field

[0097] In the matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device 1, thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance 4 which makes up thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive element 31 is polarized in a direction Pshown in FIG. 1(a) parallel to the main surface of the ceramic substrate2. A driving electric field is formed in a direction E by connecting apower supply to the electrode terminals 20 and 21 and applying a voltagebetween the electrode 18 as a positive electrode and the electrode 19 asa negative electrode. Specifically, the polarization field and thedriving electric field of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance 4are in the same direction.

[0098] As a result, the piezoelectric/electrostrictive element 31 iscontracted in a direction S vertical to the main surface of the ceramicsubstrate 2 based on the transverse effect of the electric field inducedstrain of the piezo-electric/electrostrictive substance 4. Thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive element 31 is expanded when an electricfield at 180° opposite to the polarization direction P (at a fieldintensity which does not cause polarization inversion) is applied. Themain surface refers to the side of the ceramic substrate 2 on which thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substances are formed.

[0099] Since the polarization field is parallel to the driving electricfield of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance 4 which makes upthe piezoelectric/electrostrictive element 31, it is unnecessary toapply an electric field by forming a temporal polarization electrodewhich is necessary when utilizing a mode in which the polarizationdirection is not parallel to the driving field such as a shear mode(d15), whereby throughput can be improved.

[0100] Moreover, a manufacturing process accompanying heating at a hightemperature equal to or more than the Curie temperature can be appliedregardless of polarization processing. Therefore, thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device can be secured and wired to acircuit board by soldering using solder reflow or thermoset bonding, forexample. This enables the throughput to be further improved includingmanufacturing steps for a product to which thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device is applied, whereby themanufacturing cost can be decreased. The polarization is not changedeven if the piezoelectric/electrostrictive device is driven at a highfield intensity. The polarization can be in a better state, whereby alarge amount of strain can be stably obtained. Therefore, the size ofthe piezoelectric/electrostrictive device can be further decreased.

[0101] 8) Piezoelectric/Electrostrictive Substance Excelling in Degreeof Profile

[0102] The matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device 1 is in theshape of a rectangular parallelepiped except for the curved surface nearthe joined section, as shown in FIG. 1(a). The matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device 1 is formed so that the degree ofsurface profile of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance 4 of thepiezo-electric/electrostrictive element 31 is about 8 μm or less.Therefore, a desired amount of displacement or force generation can beallowed to act in a desired direction, whereby the characteristics ofthe piezoelectric/electrostrictive element 31 can be efficientlyutilized. The piezoelectric/electro-strictive element 31 exhibits hightolerance to reaction applied by action such as pushing or striking anobject by operating the piezoelectric/electrostrictive element 31 due toan excellent degree of profile. Therefore, damage such as breaking orcracking rarely occurs even in the case of using thin and tallpiezoelectric/electrostrictive elements having a high aspect ratio.

[0103] The degree of surface profile is defined in Japanese IndustrialStandards (JIS) B0621 “Definitions and designations of geometricaldeviations”. The surface profile refers to a surface designated to havea shape specified from the viewpoint of the function. The degree ofsurface profile refers to the amount of deviation of the surface profilefrom a geometrical profile specified by theoretically accuratedimensions.

[0104] 9) Piezoelectric/Electrostrictive Element Having High AspectRatio

[0105] Each of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements which make upthe matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device generallygenerates displacement shown by an equation (1) and stress F_(B) shownby an equation (2). $\begin{matrix}{X_{B} = {\frac{L}{T} \times d_{31} \times V}} & (1)\end{matrix}$

$\begin{matrix}{F_{B} = {W \times \frac{d_{31}}{S_{11}^{E}} \times V}} & (2)\end{matrix}$

[0106] Specifically, displacement and force generation can be designedindividually. T, L, and W respectively represent the thickness, length,and width of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance.

[0107] S₁₁ ^(E) represents elastic compliance. Therefore, it isadvantageous to decrease the thickness T and increase the height L ofthe piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance in order to secure bothdisplacement and force generation. However, it is very difficult tohandle such a plate-shaped member having a high aspect ratio (L/T).Moreover, it is impossible to arrange the plate-shaped members with highaccuracy.

[0108] The matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device 1 accordingto the present invention is manufactured by a method described later sothat the piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements 31 are integrallyformed with the substrate 2 and have an aspect ratio as high as 20-200without individually handling or arranging each of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive elements 31 (direction of height isomitted in FIGS. 1(a) to 1(c)). The matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device 1 is formed so that largedisplacement and large force generation are obtained at a low drivevoltage.

[0109] 10) Highly Integrated Piezoelectric/Electro-Strictive Element

[0110] The matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device 1 ismanufactured by a method described later so that the thickness T of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance 4 of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive element 31 is as thin as 300 μm or less.The matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device 1 has a structurein which the driver electrodes are formed on the outer surface of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance 4. Therefore, thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive elements 31 can be disposed at a highdegree of integration in comparison with conventionalpiezoelectric/electrostrictive elements. Thepiezoelectric/electro-strictive elements 31 can be two-dimensionallyarranged on the substrate 2 at a pitch of 1 mm, or even at a pitch of0.5 mm or less.

[0111] As described in the section 9) “piezoelectric/electrostrictiveelement having high aspect ratio”, since thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive elements 31 are formed integrally withthe substrate 2 without individually handling or arranging each of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive elements 31, thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive elements having a high aspect ratio canbe disposed at a high density. In more detail, thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive elements 31 are disposed at a densitywhereby the ratio of the height L of the piezoelectric/electrostrictiveelement 31 to an interval between the adjacentpiezoelectric/electrostrictive elements 31 is about 20:1 to 200:1. Thematrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device 1 having such a highdegree of integration is suitable as an actuator used for opticalswitches for optical switching systems, print heads for ink jetprinters, and the like, which will be developed in the future.

[0112] 11) Smoothness of Side of Piezoelectric/ElectrostrictiveSubstance

[0113] In the matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device 1, asurface roughness Rt of the sides of the piezoelectric/electrostrictivesubstance 4 which makes up the piezoelectric/electrostrictive element 31is 9 μm or less, and a surface roughness Ra of the sides of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance 4 is 0.1 to 0.5 μm. Therefore,since the surface of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance 4 isalmost smooth, uniform, and homogenous, variation of the thickness ofthe piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance 4 is small. Moreover, theelectrodes 18 and 19 in the shape of a film exhibit good adhesion to thesides of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance 4 and can beformed uniformly. Because of this, the piezoelectric/electrostrictivesubstance 4 can be driven effectively. In other words, thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive element 31 has a small stressdistribution when an electric field is applied, is rarely damaged, hashigh reliability, has small inclination of displacement and forcegeneration, and shows a uniform direction of action.

[0114] If the surface roughness Rt exceeds 9 μm or the surface roughnessRa exceeds 0.5 μm, it is difficult to uniformly coat the sides (surface)of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance 4, whereby formation ofdense electrodes having a uniform thickness becomes difficult. Moreover,if the surface roughness Rt and the surface roughness Ra are increased,the distance between the electrodes which face each other with thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance interposed therebetween maybecome non-uniform, whereby a field concentration or field distributionmay easily occur.

[0115] If the surface roughness Ra is less than 0.1 μm, internal stressof the electrodes (films) is increased, whereby delamination due todrive of the piezoelectric/electro-strictive element may easily occurwith the passage of time. Therefore, piezoelectric characteristics andthe like cannot be effectively obtained due to a decrease in adhesionbetween the sides of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance andthe electrodes, a decrease in the effective electrode area of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive element 31, and non-uniform electricfield induced strain. Moreover, the piezoelectric characteristics maybecome unstable.

[0116] In particular, if the surface roughness Rt exceeds 9 μm, thematrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device 1 may not be stablydriven, because variation of strength against reaction when applyingaction, such as buckling strength and flexural strength, is increasedbetween the piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements 31.

[0117] The surface roughness used herein refers to a surface roughnessdefined in JIS B0601 “Definitions and designations of surfaceroughness”. The surface roughness Ra used herein refers to a centerlineaverage roughness defined in JIS B0601-1982 and corresponds to a valueobtained by folding a roughness profile from the center line anddividing the area obtained by the roughness profile and the center lineby the length L. Generally, the surface roughness Ra is directly readfrom the divisions indicated in a surface roughness measuring device.The surface roughness Rt is the same as a maximum height Rmax defined bythe difference between the highest point and the lowest point on themeasured surface.

[0118] The embodiments of the matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictivedevice according to the present invention are further described belowwith reference to the drawings. Matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive devices described below have at least theabove characteristics 1) to 7), and preferably the above characteristics8) to 11).

[0119]FIG. 9 is an oblique view showing another embodiment of the matrixtype piezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to the presentinvention. In a matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device 90, aplurality of piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements 33, each having thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance 4, in which the foot sectionforms the curved surface 13, and a pair of the electrodes 18 and 19, areformed on the ceramic substrate 2. A pair of the adjacentpiezoelectric/electrostrictive elements 33 is covered with a planarplate 7 on the sides opposite to the ceramic substrate 2 to make up acell 3. The piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance 4 produces strainon the ceramic substrate 2 by an applied electric field, whereby thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive element 33 is expanded/contracted(driven).

[0120] One pair of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements 33 may beexpanded/contracted at the same time, or only one of the pair ofpiezoelectric/electrostrictive elements 33 may be expanded/contracted.It is preferable to allow one of the pair ofpiezoelectric/electrostrictive elements 33 to be expanded and the otherpiezoelectric/electrostrictive element 33 to be contracted. If the pairof piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements 33 is expanded at the sametime when pressing an object by the planar plate 7 (active side), theobject can be pressed by a greater amount of driving force through theplanar plate 7 in comparison with the case where only onepiezoelectric/electrostrictive element 33 is expanded.

[0121] This means that the width W of the piezoelectric/electrostrictiveelement is increased to 2W as is clear from the above equations (1) to(3). This cell structure enables mechanical strength, displacement, andforce generation to be increased due to the presence of the planar plate7, even if the thickness T of the piezoelectric/electrostrictivesubstances is decreased. If one of the pair ofpiezoelectric/electrostrictive elements 33 is expanded and the otherpiezoelectric/electrostrictive element 33 is contracted, or only one ofthe piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements 33 is driven, the planarplate 7 can be tilted at an angle from the horizontal surface of theplanar plate 7. This widens application to optical systems used forprojectors and optical switches by forming the planar plate 7 using amicromirror and changing the reflection angle of incident light by usingthe micromirror, for example.

[0122]FIG. 26 is an oblique view showing still another embodiment of thematrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to thepresent invention. In a matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictivedevice 260, a plurality of piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements 44,each having a pair of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance 4 inwhich the foot section forms the curved surface 13, the electrode 18,and an electrode 69, are formed on the ceramic substrate 2. Throughholes 128 and 129 which are formed through the ceramic substrate 2 andto which a conductive material is applied are formed toward the side ofthe ceramic substrate 2 opposite to the side on which thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive elements 44. The through holes 128 and129 are connected with electrode terminals (not shown).

[0123] A highly flexible conductor such as a conductive resin havingadhesion is inserted between the pair of piezoelectric/electrostrictivesubstances 4 in which the foot section forms the curved surface 13. Thisconductor is allowed to function as the electrode 69. The electrode 69has a degree of flexibility which does not inhibit strain produced bythe piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance 4. The electrodes 18 areformed on the sides of the pair of piezoelectric/electrostrictivesubstances 4 opposite to the side on which the electrode 69 is formed.Specifically, the piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements, each havingthe piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance 4 and the electrodes 18 and69, share the electrode 69 to make up the piezoelectric/electrostrictiveelement 44.

[0124] In the matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device 260,since each of the pair of piezoelectric/electrostrictive substances 4which makes up the piezoelectric/electrostrictive element 44 can beformed thinner and higher, the piezoelectric/electrostrictive element 44easily produces displacement. The piezoelectric/electrostrictive element44 consists of the pair of piezoelectric/electrostrictive substances 4which faces each other through the flexible conductor (electrode 69).Moreover, the foot sections of the pair ofpiezoelectric/electrostrictive substances 4 form the curved surfaces 13.This enables mechanical strength of the piezoelectric/electrostrictiveelement 44 to be secured. Therefore, large displacement and large stresscan be obtained at a low drive voltage, whereby thepiezoelectric/electro-strictive element 44 is capable of functioning asa high performance piezoelectric/electrostrictive element. The effect ofthe shape of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive element 44 in the matrixtype piezoelectric/electrostrictive device 260 can be furtheradvantageously applied in comparison with the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device 90.

[0125] Three or more piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements 33 may beconnected as one set and the sides of the piezoelectric/electrostrictiveelements 33 opposite to the ceramic substrate 2 may be covered with theplanar plate 7 (not shown). A closed cell 3 may be formed so that thefour sides of the cell 3 are formed by thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive elements 33.

[0126]FIG. 21 is an oblique view showing still another embodiment of thematrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to thepresent invention. In a matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictivedevice 210, wall sections 8 are provided between thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive elements 39 adjacent in the uniaxialdirection. According to this structure, electrical interference betweenthe adjacent piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements 39 can beprevented. Moreover, the wall section 8 can be used as a joined sectionbetween an object of action and the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device. Therefore, propagation of actionfrom the neighboring region to the object of action can be effectivelycontrolled when operating the piezoelectric/electrostrictive device. Inaddition to extremely small operational interference between thepiezoelectric/electro-strictive elements, which is one of the featuresof the matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device of the presentinvention, displacement or force to be generated can be allowed tointensively act on a specific region. Therefore, apiezoelectric/electrostrictive device exhibiting high efficiency ofaction is realized.

[0127] The wall section and the piezoelectric/electrostrictive elementare not necessarily at the same height in a state in which a voltage isnot applied, differing from the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device 210 shown in FIG. 21. For example,the wall section may be lower than the piezoelectric/electrostrictiveelement as in a matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device 220shown in FIG. 22. Or, the wall section may be higher than thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive element as in a matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device 230 shown in FIG. 23. Theconfiguration of the wall section and the piezoelectric/electrostrictiveelement may be appropriately selected depending on the object of action.

[0128] The wall section may be provided not only between thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive elements adjacent in the uniaxialdirection, but also between the piezoelectric/electrostrictive elementsadjacent in the biaxial direction. A matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device 270 shown in FIG. 24 is oneembodiment of such a structure. In the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device 270, the wall sections 8 areadjacent to piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements 45 in the biaxialdirection. Therefore, action applied from thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive element 45 rarely released in comparisonwith the matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive devices 210, 220,and 230.

[0129] Since the wall section is formed of the same material as thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive element, the wall section may have thefollowing configuration. The piezoelectric/electrostrictive device maybe formed so that the wiring area such as via holes or through holes isnot provided to the wall section. The wall section may be provided withwiring or the like as the piezoelectric/electrostrictive element, butallowed to only function as the wall section instead of the element.

[0130]FIG. 25 is an oblique view showing still another embodiment of thematrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to thepresent invention. In a matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictivedevice 250, a groove section 9 is formed on the surface of the ceramicsubstrate 2 between adjacent piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements 43.According to this structure, electrodes of the adjacentpiezoelectric/electrostrictive elements 43 opposite to each other can beeasily allowed to have different polarities by the presence of thegroove section 9. Moreover, since the insulation distance between thepiezoelectric/electro-strictive elements 43 can be increased by formingthe groove section 9, occurrence of short circuits or the like can beprevented even if the pitch of the piezoelectric/electro-strictiveelements 43 is decreased.

[0131] In a matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device 280 shownin FIG. 30, piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements 46 having a highaspect ratio are arranged at a high pitch (high density). According tothe present invention, even if the piezoelectric/electrostrictiveelements 46 have large dimensions in one direction, thepiezoelectric/electro-strictive elements 46 can be two-dimensionallyarranged at a desired pitch and high yield without handling each of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive elements, specifically, without attachingthe piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements 46 to the substrate 2 orattaching the two substrates 2.

[0132] In the practical application, it is preferable to fill the spacebetween the piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements 46 with an insulatorhaving flexibility which does not impair displacement and forcegeneration in order to prevent a decrease in insulation due to entranceof foreign matter between the piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements46, to improve handling capability, and the like. The pitchadvantageously employed in the present invention is 2 mm or less,preferably 1 mm or less, and still more preferably 0.1 to 0.5 mm.

[0133] In a matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device 370 shownin FIG. 12, piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements having a high aspectratio are arranged at a high density in the same manner as in the matrixtype piezoelectric/electrostrictive device 280. Electrode terminals 321are disposed on the front side of the piezoelectric/electrostrictivedevice using via holes (not shown) formed through a ceramic substrate472 and a wiring substrate 371 mounted on the side of the ceramicsubstrate 472 opposite to the side on which thepiezoelectric/electro-strictive elements are disposed. Such aconfiguration facilitates bonding between the electrode terminals 321and the power supply and enables utilization of the wiring substrate 371for handling.

[0134]FIG. 33 is an oblique view showing still another embodiment of thematrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to thepresent invention. In a matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictivedevice 80, a plurality of piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements 32,each having the piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance 14, in whichthe foot section forms the curved surface 13, a pair of electrodes,specifically, a pair of common electrodes 28 and 29, and internalelectrodes 48 and 49, are formed on the ceramic substrate 2. The matrixtype piezoelectric/electrostrictive device 80 is driven by allowing thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance 14 to produce strain on theceramic substrate 2 by an applied electric field.

[0135] The matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device 80according to the present invention has at least the characteristics 1)two-dimensional arrangement of piezoelectric/electrostrictive element,2) complete independence of piezoelectric/electrostrictive element, 3)formation of electrode on low transgranularly fractured surface, 4)formation of curved surface at joined section, 5) formation of electrodeterminal, 6) expansion/contraction displacement, and 7) parallelismbetween polarization and driving electric field, and preferably thecharacteristics 8) piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance excelling indegree of profile, 9) piezoelectric/electrostrictive element having highaspect ratio, 10) highly integrated piezoelectric/electrostrictiveelement, and 11) smoothness of side of piezoelectric/electrostrictiveelement in the same manner as the above-described matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive devices.

[0136] However, the matrix type piezoelectric/electro-strictive device80 differs from the above-described matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive devices in the following two features.

[0137] The matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device 80 may havea configuration in which the electrode terminals are formed on the sideof the ceramic substrate 2 opposite to the side on which thepiezoelectric/electro-strictive elements 32 are disposed, and each ofthe electrodes is electrically connected with each of the electrodeterminals through the via holes in the same manner as in the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device 1. However, in thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device 80, a plurality of layer-shapedpiezoelectric/electrostrictive substances and a plurality oflayer-shaped internal electrodes are alternately stacked on the ceramicsubstrate, differing from the piezoelectric/electrostrictive device inwhich the piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements in the shape of arectangular parallelepiped are provided vertically to the ceramicsubstrate and a pair of electrodes is formed on the sides of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance. Specifically, in the matrixtype piezoelectric/electro-strictive device 80 shown in FIG. 33, theelectrodes are formed on the sides (low transgranularly fracturedsurfaces) of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive element in the samemanner as in the matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device 1.However, the electrodes are connected with the internal electrodes atevery other layer and function as common electrodes for applying thesame signal to the internal electrodes at every other layer.

[0138] In the matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device 80, thepolarization electric field and the driving electric field are parallelin the same manner as in the matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictivedevice 1. In the matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device 1,the piezo-electric/electrostrictive element is expanded/contractedvertically to the main surface of the ceramic substrate based ondisplacement caused by the transverse effect of the electric fieldinduced strain of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance. However,in the matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device 80, thepiezoelectric/electro-strictive element is expanded/contractedvertically to the main surface of the ceramic substrate based ondisplacement caused by a longitudinal effect of the electric fieldinduced strain of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance.

[0139]FIG. 34 is a side view showing the piezoelectric/electrostrictiveelement 32 of the matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device 80illustrated in FIG. 33 along a cross section passing through the commonelectrodes 28 and 29 and the internal electrodes 48 and 49. In thematrix type piezo-electric/electrostrictive device 80, the layer-shapedpiezoelectric/electrostrictive substances 14 and the layer-shapedinternal electrodes 48 and 49 which are alternately stacked to make upthe piezoelectric/electrostrictive element 32. Thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive element 32 has ten layers of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substances 14. The number of stackedpiezoelectric/electrostrictive layers is appropriately determineddepending on the application and object. The number of stackedpiezoelectric/electrostrictive layers is preferably 10 to 200 in view ofstability of characteristics of the actuator and ease of manufacture.

[0140] In the matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device 80, thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance 14 which makes up thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive element 32 is polarized in the directionP in FIG. 34, for example. An electric field in the direction E isformed by connecting the power supply to the electrode terminals 20 and21 and applying a voltage between the common electrode 28 (positive) andthe common electrode 29 (negative). Specifically, the layer-shapedpiezoelectric/electrostrictive substances 14 having a polarization inthe opposite directions are stacked with the internal electrodes 48 and49 interposed therebetween. The polarization and the driving electricfield are in the same direction in each of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substances 14. As a result, electricfield induced strain is produced in the piezoelectric/electrostrictivesubstances 14. The piezoelectric/electrostrictive element 32 isexpanded/contracted in the direction S, which is the stacking directionwith respect to the main surface of the ceramic substrate 2, based ondisplacement caused by the longitudinal effect of the strain. Since theexpansion/contraction displacement directly utilizes electric fieldinduced strain differing from conventional uni-morph or bi-morph bendingdisplacement, force generation and the response speed are increased.

[0141] This type of piezoelectric/electrostrictive element excels inforce generation and response speed in comparison with the element shownin FIG. 1(a) and the like which utilize the transverse effect of theelectric field induced strain. Although the amount of displacementproduced by each layer is small, the amount of displacement is increasedin proportion to the number of piezoelectric/electrostrictive layers,more precisely, the number of sets consisting of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive layer and a pair of electrodes.Therefore, large displacement can be obtained by increasing the totalnumber of sets. However, an increase in the number of layers results ina decrease in reliability of connection between the common electrodesand the internal electrodes, an increase in power consumption due to anincrease in electrostatic capacitance, and an increase in the number ofmanufacturing steps.

[0142] In the matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device 80 shownin FIG. 33, the thickness of one layer of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance 14 is preferably 100 μm orless, and still more preferably 10 to 80 μm in order to enable thematrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device 80 to be driven at alow voltage.

[0143] Application examples of the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to the present inventionare described below with reference to the drawings.

[0144] FIGS. 6(a) and 6(b) are views showing an example in which thematrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device of the presentinvention is applied to a microvalve as an actuator. FIG. 6(a) is anoblique view showing an actuator section of the microvalve. FIG. 6(b) isa vertical cross-sectional view of the microvalve. A microvalve 65includes a valve seat section 64 and an actuator section 61, in whichthe matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device is used as theactuator section 61.

[0145] The valve seat section 64 has openings 63 which pair up with aplurality of piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements 37 in the actuatorsection 61. In the actuator section 61, thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive element 37 is displaced by an externalsignal. A valve plug section 66 is provided on the side of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive element 37 opposite to the ceramicsubstrate 2. The passage cross sectional area of the opening 63 can bechanged by allowing the valve plug section 66 to approach to or separatefrom the opening 63 in the valve seat section 64 through displacement ofthe piezoelectric/electrostrictive element 37 in the actuator section61. The flow rate of a fluid 67 or the like passing through the opening63 can be adjusted by this operation.

[0146] The microvalve 65 is capable of adjusting the passage crosssectional area of the opening 63 by changing the amount of displacementof the piezoelectric/electrostrictive element 37. FIG. 6(b)schematically shows a state of the piezoelectric/electrostrictiveelement 37. In the case where the piezoelectric/electrostrictive elementis the type of element shown in FIG. 1(a), thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive element 37 a shown on the left in FIG.6(b) is in a contracted state by a specific applied voltage. The valveplug section 66 opens the opening 63 to its full width, therebymaximizing the flow rate of the fluid 67 passing through the opening 63.A piezoelectric/electrostrictive element 37 c shown on the right in FIG.6(b) is in anon-operating state. The valve plug section 66 closes theopening 63, whereby the fluid 67 cannot pass through the opening 63. Thepiezoelectric/electro-strictive element 37 can be allowed to be in oneof the states shown by the piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements 37 ato 37 c by changing the amount of displacement of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive element 37. As a result, the passagecross sectional area of the opening 63 is adjusted freely, whereby theflow rate of the fluid 67 or the like passing through the opening 63 isadjusted. The state of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive element 37 bshown at the center in FIG. 6(b) is one example. Therefore, themicrovalve 65 is capable of functioning as not only an ON-OFF valve butalso a control valve.

[0147] The shape of the opening 63 and the shape of the valve plugsection 66 are not limited to those this example. The shape of theopening 63 and the shape of the valve plug section 66 may be determinedin the same manner as in generally used valves by setting the relationbetween the displacement of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive element37 and the flow rate of the fluid 67 or the like to be linear or in theshape of a quadric curve, or the like.

[0148] Since the microvalve is capable of freely changing the flow rateof the fluid or the like passing through the opening, the pressure atwhich the fluid such as air is blown from the opening can be freelychanged. Therefore, the microvalve may be used as a transportationdevice which transports an object placed on the upper side of theopening while positioning the object from a specific position to anotherspecific position by changing the pressure on the upper side of theopening so as to wave by utilizing the pressure. A lightweight objectsuch as paper can be transported in a floating state without contactingthe microvalve. Therefore, such a transportation device is suitable fortransportation of printed matter or the like, of which the printed sidemust be prevented from being held.

[0149] FIGS. 7(a) and 7(b) are views showing an example in which anoptical modulator is formed by combining the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device of the present invention with anoptical interferometer. FIG. 7(a) is a top view showing an opticalinterferometer. FIG. 7(b) is a cross-sectional view along the line A-Ashown in FIG. 7(a). An optical interferometer 74 is formed by connectingtwo directional couplers 73 by using two arm optical waveguide coresections 77 a and 77 b. An optical modulator 75 includes the opticalinterferometer 74 and an actuator section 71 for applying stress to atleast part of one of the optical waveguide core sections 77 a and 77 b.

[0150] As shown in FIG. 7(b), the actuator section 71 is disposed on anoptical waveguide 77 (quartz waveguide or polymer waveguide made ofpolyimide, for example) consisting of a cladding section 77 c and theoptical waveguide core sections 77 a and 77 b on a substrate 72(silicon, for example) so as to face the optical waveguide core section77 a on one side. The optical modulator 75 may have a configuration inwhich a space is formed between the actuator section 71 and the opticalwaveguide 77, and stress is applied by allowing the actuator section 71to come in contact with the optical waveguide 77. The optical modulator75 may have a configuration in which stress is applied in a state inwhich the actuator section 71 is always in contact with the opticalwaveguide 77. In the former case, the space may be removed and stressmay be applied by applying a voltage, or stress may be applied in aninitial state and the space may be formed due to a decrease in stress byapplication of a voltage.

[0151] The refractive index of the optical waveguide core section 77 ais changed by applying stress to the optical waveguide core section 77a. This causes retardation to be produced between light transmittedthrough the arm optical waveguide core section 77 a and lighttransmitted through the arm optical waveguide core section 77 b, wherebylight at an intensity corresponding to the retardation can be output.Binary values consisting of OFF and ON of the transmitted light can beoutput by setting the retardation to a specific value.

[0152] Therefore, a transmission path can be switched by utilizing theON-OFF function, if the optical modulators are two-dimensionallyarranged. Since the matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive deviceaccording to the present invention includes the substrate and is formedas a face, the matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device issuitably disposed to face such two-dimensionally arranged opticalinterferometers. Moreover, since the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to the present inventionproduces large displacement, the space between thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device and the optical interferometersneed not necessarily be as precise as possible. A comparatively largeamount of stress is necessary for changing the refractive index of theoptical waveguide core. However, such a large amount of stress can beeasily realized by large force generation of the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to the presentinvention.

[0153] Generally, the refractive index is changed by utilizing athermooptic effect of the optical waveguide material. However, a heatremoval mechanism for reducing crosstalk or increasing response isindispensable for a switch utilizing heat. Moreover, use conditions,such as the necessity of air conditioning such as cooling in order toprevent malfunction due to an increase in temperature of the switch, maybe limited. However, such limitations can be eliminated by controllingthe refractive index by utilizing stress. Therefore, since no heatsource is necessary, a switch advantageous for decreasing powerconsumption can be realized.

[0154] The matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device of thepresent invention may be employed as an actuator section of the opticalswitch 200 shown in FIGS. 2(a) and 2(b) instead of an actuator section211.

[0155] The optical switch 200 shown in FIGS. 2(a) and 2(b) includes alight transmitting section 201, an optical path change section 208, andthe actuator section 211. The light transmitting section 201 includes alight reflecting surface 101 provided on part of the side opposite tothe optical path change section 208, and light transmitting paths 202,204, and 205 provided in three directions from the light reflectingsurface 101. The optical path change section 208 includes a lightintroducing member 209 which is movably provided close to the lightreflecting surface 101 in the light transmitting section 201 and formedof a transparent material, and a light reflecting member 210 whichcauses light to be totally reflected. The actuator section 211 includesa mechanism which is displaced by an external signal and transmits thedisplacement to the optical path change section 208. The optical pathchange section 208 comes in contact with or is separated from the lightreflecting surface 101 in the light transmitting section 201 by theoperation of the actuator section 211, whereby light 221 input to thelight transmitting path 202 is totally reflected by the light reflectingsurface 101 in the light transmitting section 201 and transmitted to thespecific light transmitting path 204 on the output side. The light 221is extracted and introduced into the light introducing member 209,totally reflected by the light reflecting surface 102 in the lightreflecting member 210, and transmitted to the specific lighttransmitting path 205 on the output side. An optical switch at highcontrast and small loss can be formed by employing the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device of the present invention as theactuator section of the optical switch 200 instead of the actuatorsection 211 which produces bending displacement.

[0156] Another embodiment of the optical switch in which the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to the present inventionis applied as the actuator section is described below.

[0157] An optical switch 290 shown in FIG. 16 is disclosed in theInstitute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers(IEICE), Electronics Society Conference 2001, advance materials, p. 182.In the optical switch 290, optical waveguide core sections 177 a to 177d are formed in an optical waveguide member 177 so as to intersect oneanother. Notches are formed in optical path change sections(intersection points) 298 a to 298 d.

[0158] The optical switch 290 is a matrix switch capable of changing thetransmission path of light input to one of the optical waveguide coresections 177 a to 177 d in the optical path change sections 298 a to 298d by forming an optically discontinuous area by deforming the notchesutilizing the operation of a drive mechanism such as an actuatorsection. FIG. 16 shows a state in which the transmission path of light223 input to the optical waveguide core section 177 a is changed to theoptical waveguide core section 177 b in the optical path change section298 b.

[0159] In the optical switch 290, it is important to increase the widthsof the notches in the optical path change sections 298 a to 298 d inorder to reduce crosstalk. Therefore, large displacement is necessaryfor the actuator section (drive mechanism).

[0160] Moreover, it is important that the optical path change sections298 a to 298 d are capable of accurately reproducing the opticallydiscontinuous state and the optically continuous state. Therefore, it ispreferable to apply a material having a comparatively high Young'smodulus as a material for the optical waveguide member 177 so that thenotches in the optical path change sections 298 a to 298 d are restoredadvantageously. Therefore, large force generation is required as theactuator section in order to cause the material having a high Young'smodulus to be distorted.

[0161] The optical waveguide core sections 177 a to 177 d are generallyformed by using a photolithographic method which enables formation of ahighly accurate and highly integrated pattern. Therefore, an increase inpositional accuracy and density is required for the actuator section.

[0162] Since the matrix type piezoelectric/electro-strictive deviceaccording to the present invention directly utilizes the electric fieldinduced strain of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance, thematrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device produces large forcegeneration. Since the aspect ratio of the piezoelectric/electrostrictiveelement is easily increased, displacement can also be increased.Moreover, since the piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements are notindividually attached to the ceramic substrate but are integrally formedin the shape of a matrix, dimensional deviation and inclination due tobonding are small. Therefore, a configuration at high density can beeasily realized. Since the piezoelectric/electrostrictive substanceswhich make up the piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements are formed inthe shape of a foot near the joined section between thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substances and the ceramic substrate, thedirection of action is easily fixed and the strength is increased. Sincethe sides of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive substances which make upthe piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements are almost uniform, theelectrodes are bonded with good adhesion. This decreases the stressdistribution when applying an electric field, whereby thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substances are rarely damaged. Therefore,reliability of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements is increased.Therefore, the matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive deviceaccording to the present invention is suitable as the actuator sectionof the optical switch 290.

[0163]FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional view showing the optical switch 290shown in FIG. 16 along the line C-C. In FIG. 17, a light transmittingsection 281 including the optical waveguide core section 177 a and anactuator section 291 including piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements292 are illustrated. The matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictivedevice 1 shown in FIG. 1(a) is employed as the actuator section 291, forexample. The matrix type piezoelectric/electro-strictive devices 1 aredisposed corresponding to the optical path change sections 298 a to 298d (notches).

[0164] The following description illustrates an embodiment of the matrixtype piezoelectric/electrostrictive device applied as the actuatorsection 291 of the optical switch 290 as an example. However, any of theembodiments of the matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive devicesaccording to the present invention may be applied as the actuatorsection 291.

[0165]FIG. 17 shows an example in which the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device 1 shown in FIG. 1 is applied asthe actuator section of the optical switch. In the optical switch 290shown in FIG. 17, the piezoelectric/electrostrictive element 292 in theactuator section 291 in the optical path change section 298 a is in anon-operating state and does not act on the optical waveguide coresection 177 a. Therefore, the notch in the optical path change section298 a is closed, whereby the optical waveguide core section 177 amaintains an optically continuous state. In this case, the introducedlight 223 goes straight through the optical path change section 298 a.

[0166] The piezoelectric/electrostrictive element 292 in the actuatorsection 291 in the optical path change section 298 b is in an operatingstate and allows the notch in the optical path change section 298 b tobe opened by applying displacement and stress to the optical waveguidecore section 177 a. Specifically, the optical waveguide core section 177a is in an optically discontinuous state in the optical path changesection 298 b. The introduced light 223 is totally reflected in theoptical path change section 298 b and transmitted to the opticalwaveguide core section 177 b.

[0167] The operating state or non-operating state of the actuatorsection (piezoelectric/electrostrictive element) and the presence orabsence of action on the optical waveguide core section may be thereverse of that in the above-described case. Specifically, action on theoptical waveguide core section may be absent when the actuator sectionis in an operating state (state of the optical path change section 298 ain FIG. 17), and action on the optical waveguide core section may bepresent when the actuator section is in a non-operating state (state ofthe optical path change section 298 b in FIG. 17). The thickness M (seeFIG. 17) of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive element which appliesaction on the optical path change section is preferably as small aspossible insofar as the open or close operation of the notch in theoptical path change section is not hindered. This is because the amountof displacement required for the piezoelectric/electrostrictive elementis decreased.

[0168]FIG. 18 shows an example in which the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device 210 shown in FIG. 21 is applied asthe actuator section of the optical switch. The amount of displacementnecessary for opening or closing the notches in the optical path changesections 298 a to 298 d can be decreased by using the wall sections 8 ofthe matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device 210 as opticalwaveguide support sections 294. Specifically, since the radius ofcurvature for opening the notches in the optical path change sections298 a to 298 d is decreased by providing the optical waveguide supportsections 294, the notches can be opened even if the displacement of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive element 292 in the actuator section 291is small. This bears some allowance in the operation required foropening the notch, whereby leakage and loss of a switching signal can bedecreased.

[0169]FIG. 19 shows an example in which the actuator sections areprovided on each side (upper side and lower side) of the opticalwaveguide member. As the matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictivedevice which can be applied to the actuator section 291, any of theembodiments of the matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive devicesaccording to the present invention may be applied. For example, thematrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device 210 shown in FIG. 21is preferably used. The notch in the optical path change section can beclosed with higher accuracy by providing the actuator sections 291 onthe upper side and the lower side of the optical waveguide member 177.Moreover, a response speed for switching can be increased.

[0170] In the case where the actuator section is provided only on oneside of the optical waveguide member as shown in FIGS. 17 and 18, thechange from the opened state to the closed state of the notch in theoptical path change section depends on elastic restorability of thematerial used for the optical waveguide member. Therefore, if a softmaterial is used for the optical waveguide member, a comparatively longtime is necessary for the restoration (change in state). Since thisaffects the time necessary for shifting to the next switching operation,restoration is preferably as fast as possible. Restoration used hereinmeans that the material returns to an optically continuous state.Accuracy of restoration may be decreased during the operation for a longperiod of time due to deterioration of the material, whereby leakage orloss of the signal may be increased.

[0171] However, in the case where the actuator sections are provided oneach side of the optical waveguide member as shown in FIG. 19, the aboveproblems can be solved by forcibly putting the notch in the optical pathchange section between actions of the piezoelectric/electrostrictiveelements 292 in the actuator section 291 disposed in the upper and lowerdirections of the notch in the optical path change section.Specifically, the notch can be closed with high accuracy by pressing theoptical waveguide member 177 from each side. Moreover, the change fromthe opened state to the closed state can be performed at the responsespeed of the actuator sections 291 (piezoelectric/electrostrictiveelements 292). Therefore, the configuration in which the actuatorsections are provided on each side of the optical waveguide member isadvantageous for realization of a small-loss, small-leakage, andhigh-speed switch.

[0172] An optical switch shown in FIG. 20 is almost the same as theexample shown in FIG. 19. However, in the example shown in FIG. 20, theactuator section 291 is bonded to the optical waveguide member 177through rigid optical waveguide securing plates 286 provided between thewall sections 8 which make up the actuator section 291 and the opticalwaveguide member 177. According to this structure, since flatness of theoptical waveguide core section is improved, the interval between theupper side (active side) of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive element292 in the actuator section 291 and the optical waveguide member 177 canbe maintained with high accuracy, whereby accuracy of the switchoperation can be increased.

[0173] In FIGS. 19 and 20, the actuator sections 291 provided on theupper side and the lower side of the optical waveguide member 177 neednot necessarily have the same structure. For example, the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device 1 shown in FIG. 1(a) may beprovided on the upper side and the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device 210 shown in FIG. 21 may beprovided on the lower side.

[0174] A light reflection mechanism to which the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to the present inventionis applied is described below.

[0175]FIG. 13 is an oblique view showing one embodiment of a lightreflection mechanism. FIGS. 14 and 15 are views showing part of thecross section of a light reflection mechanism 340 shown along the lineD-D in FIG. 13. FIGS. 14 and 15 show specific operating states of thelight reflection mechanism 340. The light reflection mechanism 340 isused for projectors, optical switches, and the like. The matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to the present inventioncan be suitably used as an actuator section 391 of the light reflectionmechanism 340.

[0176] The light reflection mechanism 340 includes light reflectingsections 313 in which light reflecting plates 311 such as micromirrorsare arranged in a matrix, and the actuator sections 391.Piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements 392 are disposed at positionfacing the light reflecting plates 311. For example, the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to the present inventionhaving wall sections represented by the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device 210 shown in FIG. 21 is used asthe actuator section 391. One end of the light reflecting plate 311 issupported by a light reflecting plate support section (wall section)312. The light reflecting plate 311 is tilted with respect to the lightreflecting plate support section 312 by the operation of the actuatorsection 391 (piezoelectric/electrostrictive element 392), therebycausing the reflection angle of incident light 224 to be changed. In thecase of a projector, the color of each pixel is formed depending on thepresence or absence of the reflection angle. In the case of an opticalswitch, a transmission path of a signal is switched depending on thepresence or absence of the reflection angle.

[0177] As shown in FIGS. 13 to 15, in the actuator section to which thematrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to thepresent invention is applied, the pitch between the adjacentpiezoelectric/electrostrictive elements 392 and the pitch between thewall sections which make up the light reflecting plate support sections312 are the same. However, the actuator section may have a configurationin which the piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements 392 and the wallsections adjacent thereto are arranged at a different pitch. Thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive elements 392 are not necessarily arrangedat the same pitch.

[0178] Since the matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device ofthe present invention which is applied to the actuator section has largeforce generation, a light reflecting surface excelling in flatness canbe formed by applying a highly rigid light reflecting plate. Therefore,this is very advantageous as a light reflection mechanism. Moreover,since the distance between the wall section (light reflecting platesupport section) and the piezoelectric/electrostrictive element can bedecreased by the force generation, a light reflection mechanism having alarge reflection angle can be easily realized.

[0179] The light reflection mechanism is not limited to the embodimentof the light reflection mechanism 340 shown in FIGS. 13 to 15. The lightreflection mechanism may have a configuration in which the actuatorsection is not bonded to the light reflecting section, and thereflection angle is changed by causing part of the light reflectingplate to be displaced by the operation of thepiezoelectric/electro-strictive element. As the type ofpiezoelectric/electro-strictive element, apiezoelectric/electrostrictive element which is either contracted orexpanded by applying a voltage may be used.

[0180] In addition to the above specific examples, the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device of the present invention may beused for various types of devices in which liquid and liquid, liquid andsolid, or liquid and gas are mixed, stirred, reacted, or the like in avery minute area and a very small amount by using action based ondisplacement and vibration of the matrix typepiezoelectric/electro-strictive device. The matrix typepiezoelectric/electro-strictive device may also be used as atwo-dimensional pressure sensor which sensors external stress.

[0181] A method of manufacturing the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to the present inventionis described below. The method of manufacturing the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to the present inventionincludes a first manufacturing method and a second manufacturing method.The method of manufacturing the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device is described below in the orderfrom the first manufacturing method. The method of manufacturing thematrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to thepresent invention used herein refers to both the first manufacturingmethod and the second manufacturing method.

[0182] The first method of manufacturing the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to the present inventioncomprises a first step of providing a plurality of ceramic green sheetscontaining a piezo-electric/electrostrictive material as a majorcomponent, a second step of forming opening sections having an almostright-angled quadrilateral shape, in which at least two corners arecurved, at specific positions of a plurality of the ceramic greensheets, a third step of stacking a plurality of the ceramic green sheetsin which the opening sections are formed to obtain a ceramic greenlaminate having holes, a fourth step of integrally sintering the ceramicgreen laminate to obtain a ceramic laminate having holes, a fifth stepof forming electrodes at least on the side walls which make up the holesin the ceramic laminate, a sixth step of cutting the ceramic laminate onthe holes in a direction perpendicular to the arrangement of the holesand perpendicular to the openings of the holes to obtain a combtooth-shaped ceramic laminate, and a seventh step of cutting the combtooth of the comb tooth-shaped ceramic laminate in a directionperpendicular to the cutting surface obtained in the sixth step andperpendicularly to the arrangement of the comb tooth. In the firstmethod of manufacturing the matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictivedevice according to the present invention, it is preferable to use aceramic green sheet stacking method in this manner. When forming theopening sections in the ceramic green sheet, it is preferable to usepunching which utilizes a mold consisting of a die and a punch. Theopening sections may be formed by using an ultrasonic processing methodinstead of using the punch and the die.

[0183] In the first manufacturing method, the regions which are the sidewalls which make up the holes (up to fifth step) and are the comb tooth(after sixth step) become a plurality of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive elements (piezoelectric/electrostrictivesubstances) which are almost in the shape of a pillar. A plurality ofthe piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements are two-dimensionallyarranged and part of the cross section of the holes is curved (secondand third steps), whereby a matrix type piezoelectric/electro-strictivedevice in which the curved surfaces are formed near the joined sectionbetween the individual piezoelectric/electrostrictive substances and theceramic substrate can be formed. The percentage of transgranularlyfractured crystal grains on at least the sides of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substances on which the electrodes areformed may be 0 to 1% or less.

[0184] FIGS. 8(a) to 8(f) are views showing an example of the steps ofthe first method of manufacturing the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to the presentinvention. This example is illustrated as a method of manufacturing thematrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device 1 shown in FIG. 1(a).The first method is described below in detail by using this example.

[0185] A specific number of ceramic green sheets (hereinafter may besimply called “sheets”) containing a piezoelectric/electrostrictivematerial described later as a major component are provided. The ceramicgreen sheets may be manufactured by using a conventional method ofmanufacturing ceramics. For example, the ceramic green sheets may bemanufactured by providing powder of a piezoelectric/electrostrictivematerial described later, forming a slurry by mixing a binder, asolvent, a dispersant, a plasticizer, and the like with the powder in adesired composition, defoaming the slurry, and forming the slurry into asheet by using a sheet formation method such as a doctor blade method ora reverse roll coater method.

[0186] The sheets are subjected to punching by using a punch and a diein FIG. 8(a) to obtain sheets 116 and 117 in which a plurality-of long,narrow opening sections 15, in which two corners are curved, are formed.In the sheets 117, slit-shaped opening sections 25 which connect each ofthe opening sections 15 with the ends of the sheets to open each of theopening sections 15 are formed. A specific number of sheets 116 and 117are alternately stacked and compression bonded so that the sheets 116are present at the uppermost side and the lowermost side to form aceramic green laminate 301 shown in FIG. 8(b) which has a specificthickness, has holes 5 and through holes 128 formed therein, andcontains the piezo-electric/electrostrictive material as a majorcomponent. The ceramic green laminate 301 is integrally sintered toobtain a ceramic laminate 303.

[0187] As shown in FIG. 8(c), electrodes 18 and 19 are formed on sidewalls 6 (comb tooth 26) which face the holes 5, and a conductive film isformed on the inner walls of the through holes 128. Unnecessary portionsare removed along a cutting line 350 by using a means such as dicing,slicing, wire sawing, or grinding to obtain a comb tooth-shaped ceramiclaminate 304, as shown in FIG. 8(d).

[0188] A comb tooth-shaped ceramic laminate 304 shown in FIG. 8(d) isthe ceramic laminate 303 shown in FIG. 8(c) rotated 900. In the ceramiclaminate 303 shown in FIG. 8(c), the openings of the through holes 128(front in FIG. 8(c), XZ surface) make up the side. In the combtooth-shaped ceramic laminate 304 shown in FIG. 8(d), the openings ofthe through holes 128 make up the lower side.

[0189] Unnecessary portions are removed along cutting lines 351 shown inFIG. 8(e) to obtain individual piezoelectric/electrostrictive substances4. Polarization processing is optionally performed to complete thematrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device 1 (FIG. 8(f)).

[0190] In this method, the opening sections 25 formed in the greensheets 117 corresponding to the through holes are connected with theends of the green sheets. However, as shown in FIGS. 32(a) to 32(d), theopening sections may be formed so as not to be connected with the ends(opening sections 125 shown in FIG. 32(a)), and the through holes may beformed by cutting in the step shown in FIG. 32(c).

[0191] A specific number of ceramic green sheets are provided. Thesheets are subjected to punching by using a punch and a die in FIG.32(a) to obtain the sheets 116 and 217 in which a plurality of the long,narrow opening sections 15, in which two corners are curved, are formed.The slit-shaped opening sections 125 are formed in the sheets 217 inaddition to the opening sections 15. A specific number of the sheets 116and 217 are alternately stacked and compression bonded so that thesheets 116 are present at the uppermost side and the lowermost side toform a ceramic green laminate 401 shown in FIG. 32(b).

[0192] The ceramic green laminate 401 is integrally sintered to obtain aceramic laminate 403. As shown in FIG. 32(c), unnecessary portions areremoved along two cutting lines 450 by using a means such as dicing,slicing, wire sawing, or grinding to obtain a comb tooth-shaped ceramiclaminate 404, as shown in FIG. 32(d). The matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device 1 is completed according to FIGS.8(e) and 8(f).

[0193] In the method according to FIGS. 32(a) to 32(d), since theopening sections 125 are formed inside the sheets 217, handlingcapability is improved. Moreover, since deformation of the sheets isprevented, positioning accuracy during stacking is improved. The openingsections for the holes are not indispensable. Sheets having only theopening sections 15 may be stacked to form a laminate, and the holes maybe formed at specific positions before or after sintering. The matrixtype piezoelectric/electrostrictive device may be driven from the sideof the ceramic substrate on which the piezoelectric/electrostrictiveelements are formed without forming the through holes. In FIGS. 32(a) to32(d), the electrode formation procedure is omitted.

[0194] According to the first method of manufacturing the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to the presentinvention, the direction of displacement of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive element 31 in the resulting matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device 1 is the Y axis direction (FIG.8(f)). The direction of displacement differs from the stacking directionof the ceramic green sheets 116 and 117 (Z axis direction, FIG. 8(a)).Specifically, displacement of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive element31 does not depend on the number of the stacked sheets 116 and 117, butdepends on the shape of the opening sections 15 (Y axis direction, FIG.8(a)).

[0195] The shape of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive element 31 ismainly determined by the processed shape of the ceramic green sheets 116and 117. The piezoelectric/electrostrictive element 31 having a highaspect ratio can be formed with high accuracy and high reproducibilityby increasing the longitudinal direction of the opening sections 15.Therefore, the piezoelectric/electrostrictive element 31 which produceslarge displacement can be easily obtained. The thickness of the sheets116 and 117 may optionally be selected. Highly accurate punching can beperformed without causing the processed cross section to be tapered byappropriately setting the clearance of the punch and die used to processthe openings depending on the thickness of the sheets 116 and 117. As aresult, the degree of surface profile of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance 4 can be limited to 8 μm orless.

[0196] Since the opening sections 15 in the ceramic green sheets 116 and117 can be processed into an optional shape, the foot section of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive element 31 is easily formed into a curvedsurface having a radius of curvature corresponding to the thickness byforming the opening sections 15 almost in the shape of a right-angledquadrilateral in which two corners are curved (two corners at the frontin FIG. 8(a) are curved). Moreover, since the sides of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance 4 (sides of the comb tooth 26)are formed by the sintered surfaces, the surface roughness shown by Rtcan be limited to 9 μm or less and the surface roughness shown by Ra canbe limited to 0.1 to 0.5 μm. Therefore, the sides of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance 4 which is the drive section ofthe piezoelectric/electrostrictive element 31 can be made flat andsmooth.

[0197] In the first method of manufacturing the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to the presentinvention, it is preferable to use machining utilizing loose abrasives,in particular, wire sawing as the processing method for cutting orremoval from the viewpoint of processing quality (removal of grains,presence or absence of crack, and the like). In the case where openingsare formed in an object of processing, the openings (holes 5 or spacebetween the comb tooth 26, for example) are preferably filled with aremovable resin or the like before processing, thereby preventingoccurrence of damage during processing.

[0198] In the first method of manufacturing the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to the presentinvention, since the ceramic green laminate is sintered after punching(or ultrasonic processing, etc.) and is not subjected to processingafter sintering, damage to the object of processing is small incomparison with the case of performing processing using fixed abrasivessuch as a dicer or slicer after sintering. This enables a minutestructure to be easily formed. Therefore, the processed surface haslittle roughness and is homogenous, whereby adhesion between theelectrodes and the piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance is increasedwhen forming the electrodes on the processed sides (surfaces) of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance. This enables the piezoelectriccharacteristics to be obtained more effectively.

[0199]FIG. 10 shows an enlarged SEM photograph (magnification: 1000)showing the processed surface of a sintered specimen consisting of apiezoelectric/electrostrictive material subjected to slicing processing(example of abrasive #1900). FIG. 28 is an enlarged schematiccross-sectional view showing the processed surface of the specimen. FIG.11 shows an enlarged SEM photograph (magnification: 1000) showing theprocessed surface of a specimen consisting of the same material sinteredafter punching using a punch and a die. FIG. 29 is an enlarged schematiccross-sectional view showing the processed surface of the specimen.

[0200] As shown in FIG. 10, a region AA and a region BB are observed inthe specimen subjected to slicing processing. The region AA is a flatground surface condition in which piezoelectric/electrostrictive crystalgrains are transgranularly fractured. The region BB is a surfacecondition in which the surface of the grains appears. These conditionsare present in a mixed state, whereby the surface of the specimen is notuniform. The surface condition can be made uniform by increasing thecount of the grindstone. However, such a surface condition is dominatedby the region AA. Specifically, the surface of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance consists of transgranularlyfractured crystals. As shown in FIG. 28, the presence of a microcrack191 and a transgranularly fractured ceramic crystal grain 192 isobserved in the specimen subjected to slicing processing.

[0201] A region such as the region AA shown in FIG. 10 is not recognizedin a sample subjected to punching using a punch and a die (FIG. 11).Almost no transgranularly fractured condition is present in this sample.A homogeneous surface in which a region DD is uniformly present isobserved. As shown in FIG. 29, no microcracks occur and ceramic crystalgrains 193 are in a state in which transgranularly fractured crystalgrains are substantially absent. As described above, the percentage oftransgranularly fractured crystal grains on the cross section of thesample is limited to 1% or less by sintering the sample after punching.Therefore, deterioration of characteristics due to compression residualstress and the like is eliminated.

[0202] The percentage of the transgranularly fractured crystal grains isdetermined by observing the surface of an objectivepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance as an example of the sampleshown in FIG. 10 using an electron microscope, and calculating thepercentage of a transgranularly fractured region (region AA in FIG. 10)occupying the entire observation field of view as an area ratio.

[0203] In the first method of manufacturing the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to the presentinvention, the ceramic laminate is cut after sintering in order toobtain the individual piezoelectric/electrostrictive substances 4.However, the electrodes 18 and 19 are not formed on the side to be cut,and this side does not become the main surface for allowing thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive element 31 to function, as shown in FIG.8(e). Therefore, the matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive deviceis not substantially affected even if such a cut side is present. Inaddition, occurrence of such a phenomenon is eliminated by cuttingbefore sintering.

[0204] In the first method of manufacturing the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to the presentinvention, the ceramic green sheets 116 and 117 may be positioned bysequentially stacking the sheets 116 and 117 in a frame having almostthe same shape as the external shape of the sheets 116 and 117, stackingthe sheets 116 and 117 by passing guide pins through guide holes formedin the sheets 116 and 117, or arranging a specific number of guide pinshaving the same shape as the opening sections at a specific pitch andstacking the sheets 116 and 117 while passing the guide pins through theopening sections as the guide holes. The sheets 116 and 117 arecompression bonded while heating, whereby the ceramic green laminate 301is formed.

[0205] Since the stacking deviation of the sheets rarely occurs bymanufacturing the matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device bypunching and stacking the ceramic green sheets at the same time(simultaneous punching-stacking) the piezoelectric/electrostrictivesubstances 4 can be arranged with higher accuracy. This is effective formanufacturing a large-scale matrix device in which a large number ofpiezoelectric/electrostrictive elements 31 are stacked.

[0206] In the simultaneous punching-stacking, the ceramic green sheetsare stacked while forming the opening sections by punching the ceramicgreen sheets, thereby forming a ceramic green laminate containing apiezoelectric/electrostrictive material in which the holes having aspecific thickness are formed. Although stacking deviation of the sheetsrarely occurs in this method, it is difficult to stack the sheets 116and 117 shown in FIG. 8(a) while forming the opening sections having adifferent shape. Therefore, in order to obtain the ceramic greenlaminate 301 shown in FIG. 8(b), the sheets in which slit-shaped openingsections are processed corresponding to the through holes are provided,and stacked while processing the opening sections having the same shape.

[0207] FIGS. 27(a) to 27(e) are views showing a specific method of thesimultaneous punching-stacking. In FIGS. 27(a) to 27(e), a moldconsisting of a punch 10 and a die 12, in which a stripper 11 forstacking the sheets 116 is disposed, is used. FIG. 27(a) shows a statebefore punching in which a first sheet 116 a is placed on the die 12. InFIG. 27(b), opening sections are punched through the sheet 116 a bylowering the punch 10 and the stripper 11.

[0208] A second sheet 116 b is then punched. As shown in FIG. 27(c), thefirst sheet 116 a is removed from the die 12 by moving the first sheet116 a upward while causing the first sheet 116 a to adhere to thestripper 11. The sheet 116 may be caused to adhere to the stripper 11 byapplying a vacuum to the sheet 116 through a hole formed in the stripper11.

[0209] The punch 10 and the stripper 11 are pulled up from the die 12before punching the second sheet 116 b. It is preferable not to pull thetip of the punch 10 inside the opening section in the first sheet 116,which is pulled up together with the punch 10. It is important to stoppulling at a position a little upward from the bottom of the first sheet116 a. If the punch 10 is pulled inside the opening in the first sheet116 a, or completely stored in the stripper 11, the opening is deformedsince the sheet 116 is soft. As a result, flatness of the side wallwhich makes up the hole 5 is decreased when forming the hole 5 obtainedby stacking the sheets 116.

[0210]FIG. 27(d) shows a step of punching the second sheet 116 b. Thesecond sheet 116 b can be easily placed on the die 12 and punched in thesame manner as in the step shown in FIG. 27(b), by causing the firstsheet 116 a to adhere to the stripper 11. At the same time, the secondsheet 116 b is superposed on the first sheet 116 a.

[0211] The second sheet 116 b is pulled up from the stripper 11 in astate in which the first sheet 116 a is superposed on the second sheet116 b by repeating the steps shown in FIGS. 27(c) and 27(d). A thirdsheet 116 c is then punched. In this case, it is important to stoppulling when the tip of the punch 10 is positioned a little upward fromthe bottom of the sheet 116. A necessary number of sheets 116 arerepeatedly punched and stacked by repeating the step of punching thesheet and overlapping the sheet on the previously punched sheet usingthe punch as the stacking axis.

[0212]FIG. 27(e) is a view showing a state after completing punching.When a necessary number of sheets 116 are punched and stacked, thepunched and stacked sheet 116 can be removed from the stripper 11 byreleasing the support of the sheet 116 by the stripper 11. The sheet 116can be securely-removed from the stripper 11 by providing removal jigs17 at the bottom of the stripper 11.

[0213] A manufacturing method disclosed in Japanese Patent ApplicationNo. 2001-131490 applies to the above-described operations. The ceramicgreen laminate 301 (FIG. 8(b)) which has a specific thickness and inwhich the holes 5 are formed can be obtained by forming the throughholes 128.

[0214] The opening sections 15 are formed in the ceramic green sheet 116using the punch and die, and the sheets 116 are stacked at the same timeby the simultaneous punching-stacking. This prevents deformation of theopening sections 15 punched by the punch using the punch as a layerpositioning axis of the sheets 116. Therefore, deviation between thestacked layers of the sheets 116 can be almost eliminated (less than 5μm), whereby the ceramic green laminate 301 can be obtained with higheraccuracy.

[0215] In the first method of manufacturing the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to the presentinvention, the stacking direction (Z axis direction) of the sheets 116is one of the directions in which the piezoelectric/electrostrictivesubstances 4 (piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements 31) are arrangedin a matrix, as shown in FIGS. 8(a) to 8(f). Therefore, the positionaldeviation of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements 31 is almosteliminated as the accuracy is increased, whereby a further increase inthe degree of profile is achieved and a device in which thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive elements 31 having a high aspect ratioare disposed with high accuracy and at a high degree of integration canbe realized.

[0216] In the case of forming tall piezoelectric/electrostrictiveelements having a high aspect ratio (the height is greater than thethickness), it is preferable to prevent occurrence of deformation of ordamage to the side wall between the holes(piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance) during handling in themanufacturing process including sintering. In FIG. 8(b), it ispreferable to attach the ceramic green sheet to (the upper side and thelower side of) the ceramic green laminate 301 so that the holes 5 areclosed and sinter the ceramic green laminate 301, for example. Since thethrough holes 128 become discharge ports for gas generated bydecomposition and combustion of organic substances in the green sheetduring sintering, cracking or the like does not occur. The closed area(area corresponding to the sheets provided to close the holes) may beremoved after sintering by grinding or the like, whereby the holes maybe opened.

[0217] As a method for forming the electrodes on the sides of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance in FIG. 8(c), sputtering,vacuum deposition, CVD, plating, coating, spraying, or the like may beused. In this case, it is preferable to form the electrodes afterproviding a mask so that short circuits do not occur between a pair ofelectrodes. Moreover, in the case of strictly setting the initial heightof each piezoelectric/electrostrictive element to be uniform, it ispreferable to perform grinding before or after the cutting step shown inFIG. 8(e), in order to increase the degree of flatness of the activeside so that the piezoelectric/electrostrictive element can effectivelyact on the object, to make the active side a mirror surface, and thelike. The masking treatment for forming the electrodes is notnecessarily required. For example, a pair of the electrodes is formed byforming the electrode over the entire surface and disconnecting theelectrode by grinding.

[0218] Grinding may be employed to form the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device shown in FIGS. 22 and 23 in whichthe height of the wall section differs from the height of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive element. The matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device shown in FIG. 22 can be realizedby forming a pair of electrodes and grinding the electrodes in a statein which the piezoelectric/electrostrictive element is operated byapplying a voltage to the pair of electrodes, and applying thisembodiment to the type of matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictivedevice in which the piezoelectric/electrostrictive element is contractedin an operating state, for example. The matrix typepiezo-electric/electrostrictive device shown in FIG. 23 can be realizedby applying this embodiment to the type of matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device in which thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive element is expanded in an operatingstate.

[0219] In the first manufacturing method, it is preferable to sinter theceramic green laminate after stacking a green sheet in the shape of aplate on the openings of the holes. The shape of the side walls whichmakes up the holes is stabilized by such a method.

[0220] The second method of manufacturing the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to the present inventionis described below. The second method of manufacturing the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to the present inventioncomprises a step A of providing a ceramic green formed productcontaining a piezoelectric/electrostrictive material as a majorcomponent, a step B of sintering a ceramic precursor including at leastthe ceramic green formed product to obtain an integral ceramic sinteredproduct, a step C of forming a plurality of first slits in the ceramicsintered product by machining utilizing loose abrasives as processingmedia, a step D of forming electrodes on the sides of the first slits,and a step E of forming a plurality of second slits which intersect thefirst slits.

[0221] In the second method of manufacturing the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to the presentinvention, since machining using loose abrasives (cutting) is suitablyused, damage to the object of processing is small in comparison with thecase of processing using a fixed abrasive such as a dicing or slicing inthe same manner as in the first method. Therefore, a minute structurecan be easily formed. Because of this, the processed surface has littleroughness and becomes homogenous. This increases adhesion between theelectrodes and the piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance when formingthe electrode on the surfaces (sides) of the processedpiezoelectric/electrostrictive substances. As a result, thepiezoelectric characteristics can be brought out more effectively. Theabrasive is preferably silicon carbide at #3000-#8000.

[0222]FIG. 38 shows an enlarged SEM photograph (magnification: 1000,alternative drawing) showing the processed surface of a specimenconsisting of a piezoelectric/electrostrictive material subjected tocutting using loose abrasives (wire saw #6000). As described relating tothe first manufacturing method (as shown in FIG. 10), the surface of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance is transgranularly fractured inthe sample subjected to cutting using a fixed abrasive, whereby thesurface of the sample consists of planarly ground crystals. However,such a planarly fractured condition is rarely observed in a samplesubjected to cutting using loose abrasives. A region EE is uniformlypresent in this sample, whereby a homogeneous surface is observed. Asdescribed above, cutting using loose abrasives enables the percentage oftransgranularly fractured crystal grains on the surface of the processedsurface of the sample to be limited to 10% or less. Therefore,deterioration of the characteristics due to compressive residual stressor the like is decreased.

[0223] As the machining using loose abrasives as processing media, wiresawing, ultrasonic processing, blasting, or other various types ofprocessing may be employed. It is particularly preferable to use wiresawing, since the state of the curved surfaces (in the shape of R) atthe bottom of the cut grooves can be easily controlled. Therefore, fineprocessing can be performed at high density and damage is small.

[0224] In the case of wire sawing, the diameter of the wire ispreferably about 30 to 200 μm in view of occurrence of cracks and thesurface conditions. The processing speed of the wire sawing ispreferably about 10 to 100 μm/min. The wire speed is preferably faster,since uniform opening sections can be reliably formed because of anincrease in rigidity of the wire and a decrease in processing deviation.The wire speed is still more preferably adjusted within the range of 10to 800 m/min. depending on the diameter of the wire, processing width,materials, and dimensions. The percentage of transgranularly fracturedcrystal grains on the processed surface can be limited to 10% or less byemploying the above conditions, even in manufacturing methods in whichthe piezoelectric/electro-strictive substances are processed aftersintering.

[0225] An example of the second method of manufacturing the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to the present inventionis described below, taking a case of utilizing wire sawing as an exampleof machining using loose abrasives. FIGS. 31(a) to 31(h) are viewsschematically showing steps of an example of the second manufacturingmethod of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive device. This example isdescribed as a method of manufacturing the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device 1 shown in FIG. 1(a).

[0226] A specific number of ceramic green sheets containing apiezoelectric/electrostrictive material described later as a majorcomponent is provided. Ceramic green sheets 16, which make up thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive element 31, and ceramic green sheets 113,which make up the substrate 2, are punched in FIG. 31(a) into a specificexternal shape by using a punch and a die. Via holes 112 are formed inthe sheets 113. A specific number of ceramic green sheets 16 and aspecific number of ceramic green sheets 113 are stacked and compressionbonded to obtain a ceramic green laminate 601 and a ceramic greensubstrate 602 (FIG. 31(b)).

[0227] The ceramic green laminate 601 and the ceramic green substrate602 are stacked to form a ceramic precursor containing thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive material as a major component. In thiscase, a laminate of the sheets 16 and a laminate of the sheets 113 maybe separately formed, and these laminates may be then stacked. Theceramic precursor may be formed by collectively stacking the sheets 16and the sheets 113. In this example, no holes are formed in the sheets16. However, positioning holes for subsequent wire sawing, referenceholes for stacking, and the like may optionally be formed in the sheets16. The ceramic precursor is integrally sintered to obtain a ceramicsintered product 603 (FIG. 31(c)).

[0228] As shown in FIG. 31(d), slits 105 are formed in the ceramicsintered product 603 by cutting uniaxially using a wire saw 352 in whichwires are arranged at a specific pitch (FIG. 31(e)). The electrodes 18and 19 are formed on the sides of the piezoelectric/electrostrictivesubstances 4 by using a coating method or the like (see FIG. 31(f) andFIG. 1(a)). Slits 115 are formed in the direction which intersects theslits 105 processed in the step shown in FIG. 31(d) by using a wire saw353 in which wires are arranged at a specific pitch. Thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substances 4 are optionally polarized tocomplete the matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device 1 (FIG.31(h)).

[0229] It is still more preferable to fill the slits 105 with removablefillers such as a resin between the steps shown in FIG. 31(f) and 31(g). This prevents the ceramic sintered product from being damagedduring the succeeding slit processing. After filling the slits with aresin or the like, it is preferable to grind the ceramic sinteredproduct before performing the succeeding slit processing in order tomake the initial height of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive elementsuniform, to decrease the degree of flatness of the active side so thatthe piezoelectric/electrostrictive element can effectively act on anobject of driving, or to make the side of action a mirror surface.

[0230] FIGS. 37(a) to 37(i) are views showing an example of a method ofmanufacturing a matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device 80shown in FIG. 33. The manufacturing steps are almost the same as thoseof the manufacturing method shown FIGS. 31(a) to 31(h).

[0231] Internal electrodes 48 and 49 are formed at specific positions ofeach ceramic green sheet excluding the uppermost layer by using screenprinting or the like (FIG. 37(a)). Ceramic green sheets 316 and 317 arealternately stacked to obtain a ceramic green laminate 701 (FIG. 37(b)).The ceramic green laminate 701 and a ceramic green substrate 702separately provided are stacked to obtain a ceramic precursor (FIG.37(c)). The ceramic precursor is integrally sintered to obtain a ceramicsintered product 703 (FIG. 37(d)).

[0232] The slits 105 are formed by using the wire saw 352 (FIG. 37(e)).The internal electrodes 48 and 49 of the ceramic sintered product 703are exposed through the slits 105. The internal electrodes 49 are notillustrated in FIG. 37(f). The electrodes 28 and 29 are formed on theside walls which make up the slits 105 by using a coating method or thelike. The slits 115 are formed along cutting lines 351 in the directionwhich intersects the slits 105 by using a wire saw (FIGS. 37(g) and 37(h)).

[0233] The ceramic sintered product 703 is cut along cutting lines 750by using the wire saw 353 to complete the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device 80 (FIG. 37(i)). In themanufacturing steps shown in FIGS. 37(a) to 37(i), use of fillers andgrinding may be applied in the same manner as in FIGS. 31(a) to 31(h).

[0234] The examples of the second method of manufacturing of the matrixtype piezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to the presentinvention shown in FIGS. 31(a) to 31(h) and FIGS. 37(a) to 37(i) are thecases of forming comparatively narrow slits having a width equal to thediameter of the wire. However, in the case of forming wide slits, othermethods may be preferably employed.

[0235] In the case of forming wide slits by using wire sawing, thickwires having a width corresponding to the width of the slits aregenerally employed. If such thick wires are not available, slits havinga desired width are formed by repeatedly processing the slits whilegradually moving the position.

[0236] Use of thick wires increases the processing speed. However, alarge amount of stress applied during processing causes a large degreeof damage to the side walls of the slits, which become the sides of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substances. In particular, in the case offorming a piezo-electric/electrostrictive element(piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance) having a small thickness, thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance may be damaged duringprocessing, or cracks or the like easily occur. Moreover, the thicknessof the piezoelectric/electrostrictive substances may become nonuniform,whereby the radius of curvature of the curved surface near the joinedsection between the ceramic substrate and thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance is increased. This may hindercharacteristics of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive element. In thecase where the distance between the slits (thickness of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive elements (piezoelectric/electrostrictivesubstances)) is small, characteristics of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive element are significantly affected.Therefore, it is preferable to use thin wires when processing using awire saw from the viewpoint of processing quality.

[0237] In the case of repeatedly processing the slits while moving theirposition, since the width of the processed slits is almost equal to thediameter of the wires, it is necessary to repeatedly process a number ofnarrow slits when forming wide slits using thin wires. This results inan increase in the number of processing steps, whereby the processingtime is increased to the multiple of the number of processing steps.Moreover, since the sample is inevitably subjected to processing for along period of time, it is necessary to strictly take measures againstdamage.

[0238] A biaxial processing method can solve the above problems. Thebiaxial processing method enables utilization of thin wires which causeonly a small degree of damage, and is capable of processing the slitswithout depending on the width of the slits and without increasing thenumber of steps. In the biaxial processing method, a ceramic sinteredproduct is then cut in the direction of the thickness to obtain firstcut grooves. The ceramic sintered product is cut in the direction of thethickness while moving the cutting position at a specific distance fromthe first cutting position to obtain second cut grooves. Then, regionsbetween the first cut grooves and the second cut grooves are removed bycutting the ceramic sintered product from the inside of the second cutgrooves to the inside of the first cut grooves to obtain wide slits.

[0239] According to the biaxial processing method, processing can beperformed using thin wires. Moreover, since the biaxial processingmethod does not greatly depend on the design of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device, damage caused by the processingcan be minimized and the number of processing steps can be decreased. Inthis case, it is preferable to use efficient feed processing including awire retracting cycle (wires are gradually fed by alternately feedingand retracting the wires) during slit processing for forming the firstand second cut grooves, and to remove the regions between the first andsecond cut grooves only by feeding, specifically, by feeding the wiresonly in one direction. The swing of the wires during processing isfurther decreased by removing the regions between the first and secondcut grooves by feeding the wires only in one direction. In particular,damage to the side walls between the slits (areas which becomepiezoelectric/electrostrictive elements (piezoelectric/electrostrictivesubstances)), which may occur due to a change in environment between theinitial stage and final stage of the processing, can be effectivelyprevented.

[0240] The biaxial processing method according to the secondmanufacturing method is described below with reference to FIGS. 35(a) to35(e).

[0241] In FIG. 35(a), first cut grooves 354 are cut at specificpositions of a ceramic sintered product 503 by using a wire saw in whichwires are arranged at a specific pitch, so that the first cut grooves354 have a depth K which is greater than a distance J from the surfaceof the ceramic sintered product 503 to via holes 119. The cut grooves354 obtained by first cutting are filled with fillers 359 such as aresin. The ceramic sintered product 503 is cut at a distance I(thickness (or width) of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance)from the cut grooves 354 to obtain cut grooves 355 (FIG. 35(b)).

[0242] In FIG. 35(c), the ceramic sintered product 503 is cut from thebottom of the cut grooves 355 toward the cut grooves 354 adjacent in thedirection opposite to an area which is allowed to remain as thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive element. The cut grooves 354 and the cutgrooves 355 are connected through cut grooves 356 by this cutting,whereby the via holes 119 are exposed in the cut grooves 356 andunnecessary portions 357 are removed (FIG. 35(d)).

[0243] The fillers 359, such as a resin with which the cut grooves 354are filled, are removed to obtain a structure having wide slits 225 andside walls 226 which become the piezoelectric/electrostrictivesubstances formed between the slits 225. Slits formed in the directionwhich intersects the slits 225 as the slits 115 formed in the directionwhich intersects the slits 105 shown in FIGS. 31(a) to 31(h) may beprocessed in the same manner as described above.

[0244] In the biaxial processing method, it is preferable to fill thecut grooves 354 with the fillers 359 and dispose a reinforcement member349 shown in FIGS. 36(a) and 36(b) on the side (FIG. 36(a)) or thesurface (FIG. 36(b)) of the ceramic sintered product 503 beforeprocessing the cut grooves 355. There may be a case where rigidity ofthe ceramic sintered product 503 is decreased by the cut grooves 354 cutin advance, whereby desired processing accuracy cannot be obtained dueto escape of the wires or occurrence of processing deviation. However,these problems are solved by securing rigidity of the ceramic sinteredproduct 503 by disposing the reinforcement member 349. It is still morepreferable to dispose the reinforcement member 349 both on the side(FIG. 36(a)) and on the upper side (FIG. 36(b)). It is preferable tofill the cut grooves 354 with a plate-shaped hard material having athickness a little less than the width of the grooves such as a ceramicmaterial (alumina or zirconia, for example), together with the fillers359.

[0245] In the second method of manufacturing the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to the presentinvention, the ceramic green formed product can be formed by using apress forming method, an injection molding method, or the like inaddition to the method of stacking the ceramic green sheets. Afterforming the through holes or via holes in part of the resulting ceramicgreen formed product, the ceramic green formed product is sintered. Theceramic green formed product may be subjected to slit processing insteadof processing the ceramic sintered product. However, it is preferable tosubject the ceramic sintered product to slit processing, sinceprocessing accuracy and reproducibility are increased.

[0246] The method of manufacturing the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to the present inventionis described above. The matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictivedevice manufactured by the first manufacturing method has extremelyexcellent crystal grain conditions, in which occurrence of defects suchas cracks in the piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance which makes upthe piezoelectric/electrostrictive element is extremely decreased, andthe percentage of transgranularly fractured crystal grains at least onthe sides of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance on which theelectrodes are formed is 1% or less. Therefore, deterioration of thepiezoelectric characteristics is small and reliability as a structure isincreased. Because of this, the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device is suitable for applications inwhich high load is applied such as in high-frequency drive.

[0247] The second manufacturing method excels in the degree of freedomrelating to processing in comparison with the first manufacturingmethod, and enables the shape of the piezoelectric/electrostrictiveelement to be designed freely. The matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device manufactured by the secondmanufacturing method also has extremely excellent crystal grainconditions in which occurrence of defects such as cracks in thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance which makes up thepiezoelectric element is extremely decreased, and the percentage oftransgranularly fractured crystal grains at least on the sides of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance on which the electrodes areformed is 10% or less. However, since the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device manufactured by the secondmanufacturing method is inferior in performance to some extent incomparison with the matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive deviceobtained by the first manufacturing method, the matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device manufactured by the secondmanufacturing method is suitable as a device which performslow-frequency or static operations in which load applied is relativelylow.

[0248] The embodiments of the matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictivedevice according to the present invention and the method ofmanufacturing the same are described above. However, the presentinvention is not limited to the above embodiments. For example, thesurface of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance may be used asthe active side of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive element. However,other member may be bonded to the element as the active side dependingon hardness of the object of action, frequency of use, and the like, inaddition to the example shown in FIG. 9. The above description mainlyfocuses on the case where the electrode terminals for driving thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive element are formed on the back side ofthe ceramic substrate. However, the electrode terminals may be formed onthe side on which the piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements areformed. In the case where the electrode terminals are formed on the backside of the ceramic substrate, it is preferable to mount a printed boardon which a driver IC for driving each piezoelectric/electrostrictiveelements or the like is mounted on the electrode terminals.

[0249] Materials used for the matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictivedevice according to the present invention are described below.

[0250] A material for the piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance whichis the drive section, specifically, a piezoelectric/electrostrictivematerial is described below. There are no specific limitations to thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive material insofar as the material producesan electric field induced strain such as a piezoelectric effect orelectrostrictive effect. The piezoelectric/electro-strictive materialmay be either crystalline or non-crystalline. Semiconductor ceramics,ferroelectric ceramics, or antiferroelectric ceramics may be used. Thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive material is appropriately selectedcorresponding to the purpose of use. The piezoelectric/electrostrictivematerial may be either a material for which polarization processing isnecessary or a material for which polarization processing isunnecessary.

[0251] The piezoelectric/electrostrictive material is not limited toceramics. The piezoelectric/electrostrictive material may be apiezoelectric material consisting of a polymer such as PVDF(polyvinylidene fluoride), or composite material of a polymer andceramics. In this case, elements are formed by subjecting the polymermaterial to a heat treatmen at about a thermosetting temperature of thepolymer material without sintering from the viewpoint of thermalresistance of the polymer material.

[0252] A configuration having a high aspect ratio, which is one of thefeatures of the matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive deviceaccording to the present invention, can be achieved more advantageouslyby using ceramics excelling in material hardness as thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive material. Moreover, generateddisplacement and stress can be allowed to act effectively. It ispreferable to use ceramics excelling in material characteristics becausea piezoelectric/electrostrictive element having a high aspect ratio andsuperior characteristics at low voltage drive can be obtained.

[0253] As specific examples of ceramics materials, piezoelectricceramics or electrostrictive ceramics containing lead zirconate, leadtitanate, lead magnesium niobate, lead nickel niobate, lead zincniobate, lead manganese niobate, lead antimony stannate, lead manganesetungstate, lead cobalt niobate, barium titanate, sodium bismuthtitanate, bismuth neodium titanate (BNT), potassium sodium niobate,strontium bismuth tantalate, or the like individually, or as a mixtureor a solid solution can be given.

[0254] These ceramics are preferably included in the ceramic componentwhich makes up the piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance in an amountof 50 wt % or more as a major component. In particular, use of amaterial containing lead zirconate titanate (PZT) as a major component,a material containing lead magnesium niobate (PMN) as a major component,a material containing lead nickel niobate (PNN) as a major component, amaterial containing a mixture or a solid solution of lead zirconate,lead titanate, and lead magnesium niobate as a major component, amaterial containing a mixture or a solid solution of lead zirconate,lead titanate, and lead nickel niobate as a major component, or amaterial containing sodium bismuth titanate as a major component ispreferably used, since these materials have a high electromechanicalcoupling factor and a high piezoelectric constant, and a material havinga stable composition is easily obtained after sintering.

[0255] Ceramics in which an oxide of lanthanum, calcium, strontium,molybdenum, tungsten, barium, niobium, zinc, nickel, manganese, cerium,cadmium, chromium, cobalt, antimony, iron, yttrium, tantalum, lithium,bismuth, tin, or the like is added to the above material eitherindividually or in combination of two or more may also be used. Forexample, there may a case where advantages such as capability ofadjusting a coercive electric field or piezoelectric characteristics areobtained by adding lanthanum or strontium to lead zirconate, leadtitanate, and lead magnesium niobate which are major components.

[0256] As examples of antiferroelectric ceramics, ceramics containinglead zirconate as a major component, ceramics containing a mixture or asolid solution of lead zirconate and lead stannate as a major component,ceramics containing lead zirconate as a major component to which waslanthanum oxide is added, ceramics containing a mixture or a solidsolution of lead zirconate and lead stannate as a major component towhich lead niobate is added, and the like can be given. As a materialfor the ceramic substrate, a material which can be integrated with thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance by a heat treatment orsintering is used. It is preferable to use a material having the samecomponents as the piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance to beintegrated therewith, and still more preferably a material having thesame components and composition as the piezoelectric/electro-strictivesubstance.

[0257] The average size of the ceramic crystal grains is preferably 0.05to 2 μm in a design in which mechanical strength of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance as the drive section isimportant. This is because mechanical strength of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance can be increased. The averagesize of the ceramic crystal grains is preferably 1 to 7 μm in the designin which extraction/contraction characteristics of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance as the drive section isimportant. This is because superior piezoelectric characteristics can beobtained.

[0258] There are no specific limitations to a material for theelectrodes insofar as the material is solid at ambient temperature. Thematerial for the electrodes may be a single metal or an alloy. Thematerial may be a mixture of insulating ceramics such as zirconiumoxide, hafnium oxide, titanium oxide, or cerium oxide and a single metalor an alloy. In the case of forming the electrodes before sintering thepiezoelectric, high-melting-point noble metals such as platinum,palladium, or rhodium, an electrode material containing an alloy such assilver-palladium, silver-platinum, or platinum-palladium as a majorcomponent, or a mixture of platinum and a substrate material orpiezoelectric/electrostrictive material, and a cermet material thereofare suitably used.

[0259] In the case of forming the electrodes before sintering thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance, in addition to the aboveelectrode materials, a single metal such as aluminum, titanium,chromium, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, niobium, molybdenum,ruthenium, silver, tin, tantalum, tungsten, gold, or lead, or an alloyof these metals may be used.

[0260] As a material for the conductor with which the via holes in theceramic substrate are filled, a mixture of the substrate material and ahigh-melting-point noble metal or a cermet material thereof is suitablyused since breakage rarely occurs even in the case of sintering thematerial together with the ceramic substrate, and bonding strength withthe ceramic substrate is obtained.

[0261] The electrodes maybe formed by using these materials bysputtering, vacuum deposition, CVD, plating, or the like. The electrodesmay be formed of an objective material by forming a film using anorganometallic compound (resinate) containing a metal element for theelectrodes by coating or spraying and subjecting the resulting film to aheat treatment.

[0262] As described above, the present invention provides a matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device capable of solving theconventional problems, producing large displacement and large forcegeneration at a lower voltage, having a high response speed, excellingin mounting capability, and enabling a high aspect ratio and a highdegree of integration in comparison with conventional devices, and amethod of manufacturing the same.

[0263] The matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device can besuitably applied to an optical modulator, optical switch, electricalswitch, microrelay, microvalve, transportation device, image displaydevice such as a display and projector, image drawing device, micropump,droplet discharge device, micromixer, microstirrer, microreactor,various types of sensors, and the like.

What is claimed is:
 1. A matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictivedevice in which a plurality of piezoelectric/electrostrictive elementsalmost in the shape of a pillar, each having apiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance and at least a pair ofelectrodes, are vertically provided on a thick ceramic substrate, andwhich is driven by displacement of the piezoelectric/electro-strictivesubstance, characterized in that a plurality of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive elements are integrally bonded to theceramic substrate and independently arranged in two dimensions, and, thepair of electrodes is formed on the sides of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance, the crystal grains on at leastthe sides of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance on which theelectrodes are formed is in such a state that the percentage oftransgranularly fractured crystal grains is 10% or less, and thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance forms a curved surface near ajoined section between the piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance andthe ceramic substrate.
 2. The matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictivedevice according to claim 1, wherein the degree of surface profile ofthe piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance of thepiezo-electric/electrostrictive element is about 8 μm or less.
 3. Thematrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to claim 1,wherein the ratio of the height of the piezoelectric/electrostrictiveelement almost in the shape of a pillar to the shortest distance throughthe center axis in the horizontal cross section of thepiezoelectric/electro-strictive element is about 20:1 to 200:1.
 4. Thematrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to claim 3,wherein the shortest distance through the center axis in the horizontalcross section of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive element is 300 μm orless.
 5. The matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device accordingto claim 1, wherein the ratio of the height of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive element almost in the shape of a pillarto an interval between the adjacent piezoelectric/electrostrictiveelements is about 20:1 to 200:1.
 6. The matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to claim 1, wherein thesides of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance have an almostuniform surface state, and surface roughness represented by Rt of thesides of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance is 9 μm or less,and surface roughness represented by Ra of the sides of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance is 0.1 to 0.5 μm.
 7. The matrixtype piezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to claim 1, whereinthe radius of curvature of the curved surface is 20 to 100 μm.
 8. Thematrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to claim 1,wherein the horizontal cross section of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive element is in the shape of aparallelogram, and the electrodes are formed on the sides including thelong sides of the cross section of the piezoelectric/electrostrictivesubstance.
 9. The matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive deviceaccording to claim 1, wherein the piezoelectric/electro-strictiveelement is expanded/contracted in a direction vertical to a main surfaceof the ceramic substrate based on displacement caused by a transverseeffect of an electric field induced strain of thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance.
 10. The matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to claim 1, wherein theceramic substrate and the piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance whichmakes up the piezoelectric/electrostrictive element are formed of thesame material.
 11. The matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive deviceaccording to claim 1, wherein the piezoelectric/electrostrictivesubstance is formed of any of piezoelectric ceramics, electrostrictiveceramics, and antiferroelectric ceramics, or a composite material ofthese ceramics and a polymer piezoelectric material.
 12. The matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to claim 1, wherein wallsections are formed between the adjacent piezoelectric/electrostrictiveelements.
 13. The matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive deviceaccording to claim 1, wherein electrode terminals are formed on the sideof the ceramic substrate opposite to the side on which thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive elements are disposed, and the electrodesand the electrode terminals are connected through through holes or viaholes formed in the ceramic substrate.
 14. A method of manufacturing amatrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device in which a pluralityof piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements almost in the shape of apillar are two-dimensionally arranged on a thick ceramic substrate,wherein each of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements includes apiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance and at least a pair ofelectrodes, the percentage of transgranularly fractured crystal grainson at least the sides of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance onwhich the electrodes are formed is 1% or less, and thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance forms a curved surface near ajoined section between the piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance andthe ceramic substrate, characterized in that the method comprises: afirst step of providing a plurality of ceramic green sheets containing apiezoelectric/electrostrictive material as a major component, a secondstep of forming opening sections having an almost right-angledquadrilateral shape, in which at least two corners are curved, atspecific positions of a plurality of the ceramic green sheets, a thirdstep of stacking a plurality of the ceramic green sheets in which theopening sections are formed to obtain a ceramic green laminate havingholes, a fourth step of integrally sintering the ceramic green laminateto obtain a ceramic laminate having holes, a fifth step of formingelectrodes at least on side walls which make up the holes in the ceramiclaminate, a sixth step of cutting the ceramic laminate at specificpositions in a direction perpendicular to the arrangement of the holesand perpendicular to the openings of the holes to obtain a combtooth-shaped ceramic laminate, and a seventh step of cutting the combtooth of the comb tooth-shaped ceramic laminate in a directionperpendicular to the cutting surface obtained in the sixth step andperpendicular to the arrangement of the comb tooth.
 15. The method ofmanufacturing a matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive deviceaccording to claim 14, wherein the ceramic green laminate consists of atleast two types of ceramic green sheets, one of the two types of ceramicgreen sheets is a specific number of ceramic green sheets in which aplurality of opening sections almost in the shape of a right-angledquadrilateral in which two corners are curved are formed, and the otherof the two types of ceramic green sheets is a specific number of ceramicgreen sheets in which a plurality of opening sections almost in theshape of a right-angled quadrilateral and a plurality of other openingsections connected with the opening sections in the shape of aright-angled quadrilateral are formed.
 16. The method of manufacturing amatrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to claim 15,wherein the other opening sections are connected with the openingsections almost in the shape of a right-angled quadrilateral andconnected with the ends of the ceramic green sheets.
 17. The method ofmanufacturing a matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive deviceaccording to claim 15, comprising a step of cutting the ceramiclaminate, thereby opening each of the other opening sections.
 18. Themethod of manufacturing a matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictivedevice according to claim 14, wherein the cutting in the seventh step isperformed by wire saw processing.
 19. The method of manufacturing amatrix type piezo-electric/electrostrictive device according to claim14, comprising a step of filling space between the comb tooth withfillers after the fifth step, but before the seventh step.
 20. A methodof manufacturing a matrix type piezo-electric/electrostrictive device inwhich a plurality of piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements almost inthe shape of a pillar are two-dimensionally arranged on a thick ceramicsubstrate, wherein each of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive elementsincludes a piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance and at least a pairof electrodes, the percentage of transgranularly fractured crystalgrains on at least the sides of the piezoelectric/electrostrictivesubstance on which the electrodes are formed is 10% or less, and thepiezoelectric/electrostrictive substance forms a curved surface near ajoined section between the piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance andthe ceramic substrate, characterized in that the method comprises: astep A of providing a ceramic green formed product containing apiezoelectric/electrostrictive material as a major component, a step Bof sintering a ceramic precursor including at least the ceramic greenformed product to obtain an integral ceramic sintered product, a step Cof forming a plurality of first slits in the ceramic sintered product bya machining method utilizing loose abrasives as processing media, a stepD of forming the electrodes on the sides of the first slits, and a stepE of forming a plurality of second slits which intersect the firstslits.
 21. The method of manufacturing a matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to claim 20, wherein theceramic green formed product is formed by stacking a plurality ofceramic green sheets.
 22. The method of manufacturing a matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to claim 20, wherein theceramic precursor is formed of at least a ceramic green substrate havingthrough holes or via holes and the ceramic green formed product.
 23. Themethod of manufacturing a matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictivedevice according to claim 20, wherein the machining method is a wiresawing method.
 24. The method of manufacturing a matrix typepiezoelectric/electrostrictive device according to claim 23, wherein thefirst slits and/or the second slits are formed by performing firstcutting which includes processing the ceramic sintered product in thedirection of the thickness to obtain first cut grooves, second cuttingwhich includes processing the ceramic sintered product in the directionof the thickness at a specific distance from the first cutting positionto obtain second cut grooves, and third cutting which includes cuttingthe ceramic sintered product from the inside of the second cut groovestoward the inside of the first cut grooves, thereby removing regionsbetween the first cut grooves and the second cut grooves.
 25. The methodof manufacturing a matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive deviceaccording to claim 24, wherein the first cut grooves are filled withfillers after the first cutting, but before the second cutting.
 26. Themethod of manufacturing a matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictivedevice according to claim 20, comprising a step of filling the firstslits with fillers after the step C, but before the step E.